Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

in an expert capacity

Толкование Перевод

1 expert

['ekspɜːt] 1.
aggettivo [ person] esperto, abile; [ knowledge] specialistico; [opinion, advice] di un esperto, di uno specialista

an expert cook — un cuoco provetto

an expert eye — un occhio esperto o clinico
2.
nome esperto m. (-a), specialista m. e f. (in in, di)

to be an expert at doing — essere un esperto nel fare

computer expert — esperto di informatica

* * *
['ekspə:t] 1. adjective
((with at or on) skilled through training or practice: an expert car designer; I'm expert at map-reading; Get expert advice on plumbing.) esperto
2. noun
(a person who is an expert: an expert in political history / on ancient pottery.) esperto

- expertly
- expertness
* * *
expert /ˈɛkspɜ:t/
A a.

1 esperto; competente; provetto; versato; abile: an expert pilot, un pilota esperto; to be expert at st., essere esperto in qc. (o a fare qc.)

2 di un esperto: an expert opinion, il parere d'un esperto; to seek expert advice, chiedere il parere di un esperto; rivolgersi a un esperto

B n.

esperto; specialista; perito: a financial expert, un esperto di finanza; chemical expert, perito chimico; an expert in code-breaking, un esperto di decrittazione; He's an expert at equivocating, è un esperto della tergiversazione; è bravissimo a tergiversare

● (leg.) expert evidence, testimonianza di un consulente tecnico □ (leg.) expert's report, perizia tecnica □ (comput.) expert system, sistema esperto □ expert eye, occhio esperto; occhio clinico □ (leg.) expert witness, consulente tecnico; perito □ in an expert capacity, in qualità d'esperto
expertly
avv.

abilmente; con grande perizia
expertness
n. [u]

abilità; competenza; perizia.

* * *
['ekspɜːt] 1.
aggettivo [ person] esperto, abile; [ knowledge] specialistico; [opinion, advice] di un esperto, di uno specialista

an expert cook — un cuoco provetto

an expert eye — un occhio esperto o clinico
2.
nome esperto m. (-a), specialista m. e f. (in in, di)

to be an expert at doing — essere un esperto nel fare

computer expert — esperto di informatica

English-Italian dictionary > expert
2 expert examination of labour capacity

Юридический термин: экспертиза трудоспособности

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > expert examination of labour capacity
3 system

1) система

2) установка; устройство

•

to get the system on-stream — вводить систему в действие

- 2D CAD system
- 2D design system
- 2-D draughting system
- 2D milling CAM system
- 3 nonsimultaneous axes control system
- 3D CAD system
- 3D design system
- 3D milling CAM system
- 3-D surface-modeling system
- 3-D system
- abrasive waterjet cutting system
- absolute control system
- absolute dimension measuring system
- accident-protection system
- accountancy system
- accounting data system
- ACO system
- acoustic feedback control system
- acquisition system
- active enclosure system
- adaptable system
- adaptive CNC system
- adaptive control constraint system
- adaptive control system
- adaptive pulsing system
- adaptive robot system
- add-on NC programming system
- administrative information data system
- administrative information system
- ADR system
- advanced command data system
- advanced data analysis system
- advanced data display system
- advanced display system
- advanced integrated data system
- advanced interactive debugging system
- advanced management information system
- advisory system
- AGV system
- air flotation system
- air-bearing system
- air-cooling system
- air-delivery system
- air-gaging system
- airlock system
- air-oil mist lubrication system
- air-plasma arc-profiling system
- air-purge system
- alarm system
- all-enveloping guard system
- analog computing system
- analog recording system
- angstrom-positioning system
- antideflection system
- antilock brake system
- antisag system
- application-specific system
- APT generating expert system
- Archimedes system
- array system
- AS/RS system
- assembly management system
- assembly system
- attitude display system
- autolube system
- automated communications and messages processing system
- automated design and optimization of control system
- automated design system
- automated digital design system
- automated industrial management system
- automated information data system
- automated information dissemination system
- automated information retrieval system
- automated inventory distribution system
- automated machining system
- automated management information system
- automated management system
- automated measuring system
- automated parts input-output system
- automated reliability and maintenance management system
- automated storage control system
- automatic alignment-and-centering system
- automatic call distribution system
- automatic CAM system
- automatic chuck-changing system
- automatic data acquisition system
- automatic data distribution system
- automatic data system
- automatic diagnostic-and-recovery system
- automatic display plotting system
- automatic distributive numerical control system
- automatic fixturing system
- automatic gaging-and-compensating system
- automatic measurement-and-compensation system
- automatic message accounting system
- automatic message distribution system
- automatic pallet storage/retrieval system
- automatic program transfer system
- automatic record evaluation system
- automatic telemetry system
- automatic test analysis system
- automatic test system
- automatic testing, evaluating and reporting system
- automatic tool cassette changer system
- automatic tool retraction system
- automatic tool retraction/correction/reentry system
- automatic tool wear/tool broken sensing system
- automatically taught system
- automation system
- autonomous system
- autopatch system
- AWS system
- axis drive system
- axis motor system
- axis-stopping system
- backlash-free friction system
- back-to-back system
- balance system
- balanced system of forces
- balanced system
- bar feed system
- bar pulling system
- bar pusher system
- barring coding system
- base coordinate system
- base data system
- base file system
- base operating information system
- basic disk operating system
- basic hole system
- basic input/output system
- basic NC system
- basic programming system
- basic shaft system
- batching system
- batch-machining system
- battery system
- BCC management information system
- beam delivery system
- belt turnover system
- belt twist system
- binary system
- binary vision system
- biped robotic system
- block-tool system
- block-type tool change system
- bonded stores system
- boring system
- bought-in control system
- brake system
- branch information system
- breakaway system
- breathing system
- broad system of ordering
- BTA deep-hole-drilling system
- BTA-style deep-hole-drilling system
- bug-free system
- building block system
- bulk system
- business information system
- buy-and-plug-in system
- C/C system
- cable and hose carrying system
- CAD access system
- CAD system
- CAD/CAM system
- CAD/CAM/CAE and product data management system
- CAD/CAM/CAE system
- CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- CADAR system
- CAD-integrating system
- CAD-only system
- CAE system
- CAE/CAD/CAM system
- CAG system
- CAM system
- cam-and-lever system
- capacitance-based measuring system
- CAPP system
- capture system
- carrierband system
- cart/pallet transfer system
- Cartesian coordinate system
- cassette jaw-change system
- cell control system
- cell management system
- cell-type system
- cellular manufacturing system
- central analog data distributing and controlling system
- central automatic message accounting system
- central storage system
- centralized control system
- centralized coolant and extractor system
- centralized swarf conveying system
- centralized swarf removal system
- chain conveyor system
- check system
- checking system
- checkout system
- chiller system
- chip conveyor system
- chip guard system
- chip-evacuation system
- chuck/chuck jaw changing system
- chucking system
- chuck-jaw system
- chuck-loading system
- CIM system
- circular monitoring system
- circular part-processing system
- circulating lubrication system
- circulating oil system
- circulation system
- clamping system
- closed cooling system
- closed loop control system
- closed loop machine control system
- closed loop size control system
- closed loop system
- closed-proprietary system
- CM system
- CNC hardware system
- CNC machine tool system
- CNC programming system
- CNC system
- CNC transfer system
- CNC-ACC system
- CNC-control system
- coherent system of units
- collecting system
- collet pad top jaw system
- combined cooling system
- combined production system
- command-line NC system
- commercial vision system
- communication system
- companion system
- comprehensive power measurement system
- computer analysis and design system
- computer automation real-time operating system
- computer data communication system
- computer NC system
- computer system
- computer vision system
- computer-aided design support system
- computer-aided dispatch system
- computer-aided gaging system
- computer-aided programming system
- computer-aided telemetry system
- computer-aided test system
- computer-assisted command system
- computer-assisted message processing system
- computer-assisted microfilm retrieval system
- computer-assisted operation sequence planning system
- computer-automated machine-tool system
- computer-automated test system
- computer-based management system
- computer-based message system
- computer-controlled materials-handling system
- computer-controlled system
- computer-coordinated measuring system
- computer-directed swing-arm tool-changing system
- computer-driven control system
- computer-hosted manufacturing system
- computer-integrated manufacturing system
- computer-integrated system
- computerized information retrieval system
- computerized machine control system
- computerized manufacturing system
- computerized numerical control system
- computerized production control system
- computerized shopfloor data collection system
- computer-oriented production management system
- computer-oriented system
- computing system
- concurrent force system
- conductor system
- conservative system
- constant delivery system
- constant volume system
- constant-contact scanning system
- constraint satisfaction system
- continuous feedback control system
- continuous flow system
- continuous-path CNC system
- continuous-path control system
- contouring control system
- contouring system
- controlled path system
- controlling system
- conventional ACC system
- conversational analysis and drafting system
- conveying system
- conveyor system
- conveyoring system
- conveyorized work-handling system
- coolant clarification system
- coolant laundering system
- coolant mist system
- coolant recirculating system
- coolant recovery system
- coolant recycling system
- coolant supply system
- coolant-circulating system
- coolant-thru-body system
- cooling system
- coordinate drive system
- coordinate system
- coprocessor board system
- copymill control system
- corporate information and office system
- coupling system
- CPS system
- CRT control system
- CRT system
- customer-oriented system
- customized FMS control system
- cut-piece transfer system
- cycloidal tooth system
- data base management system
- data communication system
- data control system
- data input management system
- data management system
- data origination system
- data processing system
- data retrieval system
- data transfer system
- datum system for geometrical tolerancing
- datum system
- DDM system
- decentralized DNC system
- decision enabling system
- decision support system
- dedicated production system
- deep-hole-drilling system
- defect-free machining system
- delivery system
- demand pull flexible system
- demand push flexible system
- departmental management system
- descaling system
- design coordinate system
- design support system
- design-automation system
- design-for-manufacturing system
- design-with-feature system
- desk-top publishing system
- deterministic system
- dexel-based system
- diagnostic communication control system
- diagnostic computer control system
- dialog system
- diamond-lapping system
- digital readout system
- digitizing system
- digitizing/data capture system
- dimensional verification system
- direct impingement starting system
- direct lubrication system
- direct NC system
- discrete-continuous system
- dispatcher system
- distributed computer system
- distributed mass-spring system
- distributed microprocessor system
- distributed processing system
- distributed quality system
- distributed system
- distributive numerical control system
- DNC flexible machining system
- DNC machine control system
- DNC machine tool control system
- DNC system
- DNC/FM system
- document processing system
- document retrieval system
- document search system
- domain-expert system
- Doppler system
- DOS CAM system
- double tube system
- dowel pin system
- DRO system
- drop-feed-lubrication system
- DTP system
- dual laser optical system
- dual laser referencing system
- dual system
- dual-beam LDDM system
- dual-pallet shuttle system
- dual-shaft electric propulsion system
- dynamic beam focusing laser system
- dynamic data system
- dynamic mapping system
- early warning system
- eddy current damper system
- edge-sensing system
- edge-type positioning system
- eight-station pallet system
- electrical contact tracing system
- electrofluidic control system
- emergency protection system
- enclosure system
- encoder checking system
- endpoint locating system
- energy-adaptive system
- energy-saving drive system
- engine starting system
- entry-level NC system
- environmental control system
- equivalent rigid link system
- equivalent systems of forces
- ESD system
- estimating system
- example-driven system
- expert control system
- expert process planning system
- expert system
- external box system
- extractor system
- fact retrieval system
- factory automation system
- fault detection system
- fault-signal system
- FBG system
- feasibility routing system
- feature-based CAM system
- feature-based system
- feed system
- feedback control system
- feedback gaging system
- feedback position control system
- feedback system
- feed-drive system
- feedforward compensatory control system
- feed-only AC system
- feed-overriding system
- FFS system
- file control system
- finite capacity scheduling system
- fixed coordinate system
- fixed-feature NC system
- fixed-rail system
- fixture design system
- fixture system
- fixturing system
- flanged pipe system
- flexible assembly system
- flexible automated manufacturing system
- flexible automation system
- flexible computer-controlled robotic system
- flexible fabricating system
- flexible fixturing system
- flexible handling system
- flexible laser optical system
- flexible laser system
- flexible lathe system
- flexible machine system
- flexible machining center system
- flexible machining system
- flexible manufacturing system
- flexible NC system
- flexible press system
- flexible tooling system
- flexible transfer system
- flexible turning system
- flood coolant system
- flow-line production system
- flow-type manufacturing system
- fluid management system
- fluid power system
- flush-type cooling system
- fly system
- FMS operating system
- FMS/CAD/CAM system
- FMS-type production system
- force measurement system
- force sensory system
- force system
- force-sensing system
- forecasting system
- four-station pallet system
- four-tier quality system
- FROG navigation system
- FROG system
- full-blown system
- fully specified system
- gage system
- gaging computer system
- gaging-and-compensating system
- gantry loading system
- gantry-based turning system
- gantry-style motion system
- gas-turbine starting system
- gating system
- gear roller system
- gear system
- gear testing system
- general information retrieval system
- generative planning system
- generic control system
- generic messaging system
- generic system
- glass fiber system
- glazing system
- goal-seeking system
- graphic numerical control system
- graphic processing system
- graphics system
- graphics-oriented system
- grating measuring system
- gravity oil system
- gray scale imaging system
- grinder vision system
- group control system
- guarding system
- guidance system
- guiding system
- handling system
- handwriting-input system
- hard-automated system
- hardware NC system
- hardware support system
- head change system
- head changer system
- head-changing flexible manufacturing system
- help system
- hierarchical coding system
- hierarchical control system
- hierarchical information control system
- high-noise-immunity system
- high-rise system
- high-speed positioning system
- high-speed-processor control system
- high-volume system
- Hirth gear-tooth system
- holding system
- holding tool system
- hole system
- holonomic system
- host computer-assisted programming system
- host distributive numerical control system
- hybrid computing system
- hydraulic oil system
- hydraulic system
- hydraulic-circuit system
- hypertext system
- ID system
- IDNC system
- illumination system
- image detection system
- image processing system
- imaging system
- IMC system
- immersion-washing system
- inconsistent system of equations
- incremental measuring system
- index system
- indirect lubrication system
- individual lubrication system
- inductive telemetry system
- inductively guided cart system
- industrial vision system
- in-feed system
- inference system
- in-floor chip-disposal system
- information infrastructure system
- information logical system
- information processing system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information system
- information-gathering system
- information-management system
- information-sharing system
- infrared imaging system
- infrared system
- in-house minicomputer system
- in-house system
- inlet control system
- in-process gaging system
- in-process sensing system
- in-process storage system
- insert-selection system
- instrumentation system
- insulating system
- integral movement monitoring system
- integrated CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- integrated CAM system
- integrated circuit numerical control system
- integrated computer system
- integrated information system
- integrated machine system
- integrated machining system
- integrated manufacturing and assembly system
- integrated manufacturing system
- integrated NC machine system
- integrated production system
- integrated sensor system
- intelligent control system
- interactive control system
- interactive graphics processing system
- interactive manufacturing control system
- interconnection system
- interdepartmental communication system
- interferometer measuring system
- interlocking system
- interrupt-driven system
- inventory-management system
- involute tooth system
- IR fault-signal system
- IR system
- ISO system of limits and tolerances
- isolated word recognition system
- jig boring measuring system
- job shop-type flexible system
- joint-actuation system
- just-in-time production system
- kanban pull system
- kinetic control system
- kitting system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based information system
- knowledge-based system
- krypton laser system
- labeling system
- labor-intensive system
- language-based NC system
- laser beam orientation system
- laser beam positioning system
- laser calibration system
- laser combination energy system
- laser digitizing system
- laser driving system
- laser full automated system
- laser inspection system
- laser interferometer measuring system
- laser machining system
- laser metalworking system
- laser micrometer system
- laser monitoring system
- laser mount system
- laser optical transformation system
- laser pulse power system
- laser pump system
- laser referencing system
- laser thread measurement system
- laser transducer system
- laser-cutting system
- laser-gaging system
- layered control system
- LDDM system
- lead screw drive system
- learning system
- library reference system
- library system
- light guide system
- light recognition system
- line motion control system
- line motion system
- line path system
- linear index system
- linear system of constant coefficients
- linear time invariant system
- linear time-varying system
- linear-encoder-equipped system
- LMFC system
- load/unload system
- loading robot system
- load-monitoring system
- local communications system
- logistics system
- look-up table system
- low-loss optical system
- low-volume lubricant delivery system
- lube system
- lubrication system with continuous delivery
- lubrication system with cyclic delivery
- lubrication system with performance control
- lubrication system without performance control
- lubrication system
- M system
- machine control system
- machine coordinate system
- machine health-monitoring system
- machine management system
- machine surveillance system
- machine tool capability-conditioning system
- machine tool system
- machine vision system
- machine/control system
- machine/tool/workpiece system
- machine-flexible system
- machine-zero reference system
- machining-cell system
- magnetic control system
- magnetic shaft suspension system
- main control system
- maintenance tracking system
- make-up system
- management control system
- management information system
- management system
- management-and-manufacturing system
- managerial reporting system
- man-computer system
- man-machine system
- man-plus-machine system
- manual data input system
- manual programming system
- manufacturing execution system
- manufacturing optimization system
- manufacturing software system
- manufacturing system
- many-degrees-of-freedom system
- many-variable system
- mass-elastic system
- master manufacturing control system
- master-slave control system
- material flow system
- material movement system
- material storage system
- materials-handling control system
- materials-handling system
- matrix array system
- matrix-type system
- MDI contouring control system
- MDI control system
- MDI NC system
- mean line system
- measurement/inspection system
- measuring coordinate system
- measuring system
- measuring/compensation system
- mechanical interface coordinate system
- memory NC system
- memory system
- menu drive system
- menu system
- menu-driven programming system
- metalforming production system with robots
- metalworking laser system
- metamorphic system
- metareasoning system
- metering system
- metrology system
- MIC system
- micro CAD/CAM programming system
- microadjustment system
- microchip-managed control system
- microdispensing system
- microintegrated system
- microload system
- micropackaged distributed system
- microprocessor based system
- microprocessor CNC system
- microprocessor system
- microprocessor-development system
- microstep control system
- microwave drill detection system
- milling CAM system
- milling system
- minicomputer-based numerical control system
- minicomputer-based system
- minicomputer-based test system
- miniload automated storage and retrieval system
- miniload system
- minimal constraint system
- minimum phase shift system
- mist-cooling system
- mixed forging-machining system
- mobility system
- model reference adaptive system
- moderately sized manufacturing system
- modular clamping system
- modular component tooling system
- modular fixture system
- modular holding system
- modular system
- modular tooling system
- modular work holding system
- monitoring system
- monorail material handling system
- motor position sensing system
- mounting system
- MPM system
- MRC system
- MRP system
- MS-DOS system
- multiaxis laser system
- multimachine system
- multimedia system
- multinetwork system
- multipallet system
- multiple computer system
- multiple laser technology system
- multiple pallet changer system
- multiple pallet handling system
- multiple parts feeding system
- multiple sensory system
- multiple spindle head handling-and-changing system
- multiple system of indexing
- multiple-gun spraying system
- multipoint lubrication system
- multipoint network control system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor NC system
- multiprocessor system
- multiproduct manufacturing system
- multiprofile tool system
- multiprogramming system
- multirobot system
- multisensor system
- multiserver queueing system
- multistage system
- multitasking control system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser system
- multivendor information system
- multiwindowing software system
- Nagare system
- narrowly defined expert system
- national information system
- navigation system
- NC contouring system
- NC machine system
- NC part-programming system
- NC system
- NC tooling system
- NC/TP system
- nesting system
- network computer system
- network switching system
- network system
- noise diagnostic system
- noncircular copy-turning system
- noncompensated system
- noncontact laser marking system
- noncontact microwave system
- nonexpert system
- non-NC system
- numerical computer control system
- numerical contour control system
- numerical control system
- numerically controlled tool point system
- object-oriented system
- office system
- office-based programming system
- off-line adviser-type expert system
- off-line programming system
- off-line system
- off-the-shelf system
- oil mist system
- oil scavenge system
- oil system
- oil wash system
- oil-recirculating system
- oligarchical manufacturing system
- OLP system
- one man/one machine system
- one man-one operation-one job system
- one-machine flexible system
- one-piece tape spar-measuring system
- one-shot lubrication system
- on-line information system
- on-line process system
- on-line retrieval system
- on-line system
- on-line tool control system
- on-machine gaging system
- on-machine probing system
- on-off control system
- open architecture system
- open cooling system
- open system
- open-front system
- open-loop control system
- operating system
- operational system
- operator guidance system
- operator-controlled NC system
- optical detection system
- optical laser ranging system
- optical MAP system
- optical measurement/inspection system
- optical recognition system
- optical system for laser processing
- optical tracer backup system
- optical transmission system
- opti-feed system
- optimal-position control system
- order-driven system
- order-entry system
- order-picking system
- oscillating system
- oscillatory system
- out-feed system
- output collecting system
- overall system
- p.-t.-p. NC system
- package confinement system
- paging system
- pallet conveyor system
- pallet gripper system
- pallet ID system
- pallet storage system
- pallet storage/changer system
- pallet/platen transfer system
- pallet/robot flexible-machining system
- pallet-based materials handling system
- pallet-based system
- pallet-changer system
- pallet-coding system
- pallet-handling system
- palletized tool magazine system
- pallet-loading system
- pallet-moving system
- pallet-shuttle change system
- pallet-transfer system
- pallet-transport system
- paperless NC system
- parallel force system
- parallel lubrication system
- parametric CNC system
- part flow system
- part handling-and-storage system
- part program-editing system
- part queue system
- part-conveying system
- partial laser system
- part-programming system
- part-retrieval system
- passively mode-locked laser system
- path control system of a machine
- path control system
- pattern recognition system
- pattern tracing system
- pattern-directed system
- PC system
- PC-based CAD system
- PC-based vision system
- pendant-mounted CNC system
- perceptual system
- permanent electro system
- personal computer-based robotic vision system
- phase switching control system
- photogrammetric vision system
- photooptic tracing system
- photooptical tracing system
- piece rate system
- plane system of forces
- planner-oriented system
- plant-integration system
- platen system
- platform-independent CAM system
- playback system
- plugboard control system
- plugboard programming system
- point-to-point system
- popular laser system
- position control system
- positioning control system
- postprocess inspection system
- postprocess system
- postprocess-feedback gaging system
- potentiometer-setting system
- power generating system
- power system
- powered clamping system
- powered track system
- powerful robot system
- precision positioning system
- predictive machinability system
- predictive maintenance system
- pre-emptive system
- pregaging system
- preload system
- preset tooling system
- presetting system
- prismatic flexible manufacturing system
- prismatic machining system
- probe communication system
- problem-oriented information system
- process planning system
- process-flexible system
- production control system
- production expert system
- production-monitoring system
- productions system
- product-testing system
- programmable automation system
- programmable control system
- programmable logic control system
- programmable power monitoring system
- programmed sequence control system
- programming system
- proof-of-concept system
- proprietary NC system
- propulsion system
- propulsive system
- protection system
- prototype system
- prototyping system
- pull system of production
- pull system
- punch tape NC system
- purpose-made materials feeding system
- push system
- qualitative system
- quality control system
- quality system
- quantity produced systems
- question-and-answer system
- question-answering system
- queuing system
- quick-change system
- quick-change workpiece-fixturing system
- quick-change-cutter system
- rack system
- rack-picking system
- rail-borne robotic handling system
- rail-guided transport system
- random mission system
- random mix system
- random order system
- ranging system
- readout system
- ready-to-go system
- real-time vision system
- recirculation system
- rectangular coordinate system
- rectangular triordinate system
- reeving system
- reference retrieval system
- reference system
- reflecting high-power beam optical system
- register system
- registration system
- relay ladder logic system
- reporting system
- reprographic system
- resolver system
- restraint system
- RETIC system
- retrieval system
- retrofit system
- return spring system
- RGV pallet delivery system
- rigid track workpiece transport system
- rigid transfer system
- robot control system
- robot gantry storage-and-retrieval system
- robot learning system
- robot parts-handling system
- robot system
- robot teaching system
- robot tool changing system
- robot-based turning system
- robotic system
- robotic vision system
- robotics CAD system
- robotized metalforming system
- robot-like inspection system
- robot-measuring system
- rod memory system
- roller system
- roll-generating system
- rotary transfer system
- rotary-type tool-mounting system
- rotational system
- routing-flexible system
- rule-based expert system
- running fail-safe system
- running system
- run-time system
- safety actuation system
- safety system
- scale back system
- seam tracking laser processing system
- seam-tracking system
- security system
- selective assembly system
- selective control system
- self-adapting system
- self-contained starting system
- self-contained system
- self-monitoring measuring system
- self-optimizing adaptive control system
- self-programming NC system
- self-teaching system
- self-test system
- sensing system
- sensor system
- sensor-based system
- sensory control system
- sensory feedback system
- sensory interactive system
- sensory-processing system
- sentence recognition system
- sequencing control system
- sequential control system
- series lubrication system
- service system
- servo control system
- servo drive system
- servo positioning system
- servo transducer system
- servo-controlled blade-feed-pressure system
- setting system
- SFP system
- shaft system
- shared tools system
- shopfloor communication message system
- shopfloor part-programming system
- shopfloor programming system
- shopfloor-programming control system
- short-closed oil system
- shuttle car system
- shuttle system
- shuttle-type container system
- side-loading pallet system
- sign system
- signature-analysis system
- silhouetting system
- single system
- single-board computer system
- single-cell system
- single-line lubrication system
- single-point lubrication system
- single-stage system
- single-tube system
- single-unit machining system
- single-variable system
- sinking system
- six-station pallet system
- size-monitoring system
- skidless system
- skid-type system
- small knowledge system
- small scale system
- small-batch manufacturing system
- sociotechnical system
- software-based system
- software-operating system
- solid model CAD system
- solid modeling system
- solids-based system
- sonic digitizing system
- space-monitoring sensor system
- special-purpose CNC system
- special-purpose material handling system
- speech-understanding system
- spindle airblast system
- spindle-probe system
- splash lubrication system
- split-type of tooling system
- spray lubrication system
- sprocket-chain system
- stabilization system
- stabilizing system
- stacking system
- stand-alone system
- standard control system
- standard unit system
- starting system
- statistical process control system
- steady-state system
- stepping motor drive system
- stocker system
- stocking system
- stop-bolt locking system
- storage system
- storage-and-retrieval system
- storage-retrieval system
- straight cut control system
- straight-line control system
- stress calculations infinite element system
- structurally stable system
- structurally unstable system
- stub-tooth system
- subloop system
- supervision system
- supervisory computer control system
- supervisory control system
- surface-measurement system
- surveillance system
- suspension system
- swarf conveyance system
- swarf-management system
- swarf-removal system
- switching system
- synthetic vision system
- system of dimensioning
- system of forces
- system of limits and fits
- system of quantities
- system of the machine retaining devices
- system of units
- tactile sensing system
- tailored NC system
- tailor-made system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- teach system
- teachable-logic control system
- teaching system
- teach-mode programming system
- technology-intensive system
- telecommunication system
- telemetry gage system
- telemetry system
- teleoperated system
- telepresence system
- telerobotic system
- ten-station pallet system
- term system
- test system
- testing system
- text organizing system
- thermal control system
- thermal enclosure system
- thermal propulsion system
- thread measurement system
- thread measuring system
- three-dimensional CAM system
- three-dimensional coordinate system
- three-wire thread measuring system
- through feed system
- through-the-tool system
- time control system
- time cycle system
- time-shared system
- time-sharing NC programming system
- time-sharing system
- tool animation system
- tool breakage prevention system
- tool change system
- tool condition monitoring system
- tool coolant system
- tool deflection calibration system
- tool identification tag system
- tool life control system
- tool life management system
- tool magazine exchanger system
- tool management system
- tool position-compensating system
- tool shank cleaning system
- tool storage and transport system
- tool storage/management system
- tool-associated system
- tool-clamp system
- tool-holder-work system
- tool-ID system
- tooling AGV system
- tooling system
- tool-in-hand system
- tool-in-use system
- tool-machine system
- tool-monitoring system
- tool-mounting system
- tool-presetting system
- tool-probing system
- tool-to-turret connection system
- tool-transfer system
- torque-monitoring system
- total system
- total-loss lubrication system
- touch-probe digitizer system
- touch-probe digitizing system
- touch-probe system
- towline cart system
- towline conveyor system
- towline handling system
- towline material handling system
- towline transfer system
- tracer control system
- tracing system
- track system
- tracking/scheduling system
- track-monitoring system
- transfer system
- translating system
- transmission system
- transporter system
- traverse-metering system
- tray-type transfer system
- triangulation system
- tribomechanical system
- tri-level stocker system
- triordinate system
- trolley control system
- trouble-free control system
- T-slot system
- tuned system
- turning system
- turning-and-chucking system
- turnkey computer control system
- turnkey system
- turret probing system
- turret tooling system
- two-line lubrication system
- two-machine system
- two-pallet exchange system
- two-shift system
- two-tier inspection system
- unattended machining system
- unattended production system
- uncertain system
- unified system
- unit bore system
- unit system
- unit-build system
- unit-load automated storage and retrieval system
- unit-load system
- UNIX-based 32-bit computer system
- unmonitored control system
- unstable system
- user identification system
- user's CAD system
- V coding system
- vacuum system
- variable pallet system
- variable-coefficient system
- variable-gain ACC system
- variable-mission system
- versatile data acquisition system
- vertical carousel system
- vertical rotating warehouse system
- vibration system
- vibratory system
- video measuring system
- video-based measurement system
- viewing system
- virtual design system
- virtual storage system
- vision guidance system
- vision metrology system
- vision optical system
- vision sensor system
- vision system
- vision tool-presetting system
- vision-based inspection system
- vision-based system
- visual computing system
- visual inspection system
- VME-based system
- voice data entry system
- voice system
- voice-input system
- volume-flexible system
- volume-metric lubrication system
- voluntary standards system
- warehousing system
- warning protection system
- warning system
- wash system
- waste material treatment system
- watchdog system
- waterjet system
- way-lubrication system
- wedge-locked tool clamping system
- wheelhead-measuring system
- windowing system
- wire-cut system
- wire-frame CAD system
- wire-guided transport system
- wire-guided trolley routing system
- word recognition system
- work infeed system
- work transfer system
- work transport system
- workhandling system
- work-holding system
- workpiece-cleaning system
- workstation-oriented CNC system
- zero error position system

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > system
4 professional

1. adjective
1) (of profession) Berufs[ausbildung, -leben]; beruflich [Qualifikation, Laufbahn, Tätigkeit, Stolz, Ansehen]

professional body — Berufsorganisation, die

professional advice — fachmännischer Rat

professional standards — Leistungsniveau, das

2) (worthy of profession) (in technical expertise) fachmännisch; (in attitude) professionell; (in experience) routiniert

3) (engaged in profession)

professional people — Angehörige hoch qualifizierter Berufe

‘apartment to let to professional woman’ — "Wohnung an berufstätige Dame zu vermieten"

the professional class[es] — die gehobenen Berufe

4) (by profession) gelernt; (not amateur) Berufs[musiker, -sportler, -soldat, -fotograf]; Profi[sportler]

5) (paid) Profi[sport, -boxen, -fußball, -tennis]

go or turn professional — Profi werden

be in the professional army — Berufssoldat sein

be in the professional theatre/on the professional stage — beruflich am Theater/als Schauspieler arbeiten
2. noun
(trained person, lit. or fig.) Fachmann, der/Fachfrau, die; (non-amateur; also Sport, Theatre) Profi, der

* * *

[-ʃə-]

adjective ( negative unprofessional)

1) (of a profession: professional skill.) Berufs-...

2) (of a very high standard: a very professional performance.) professionell

3) (earning money by performing, or giving instruction, in a sport or other activity that is a pastime for other people; not amateur: a professional musician/golfer.) Berufs-...

* * *

pro·fes·sion·al

[prəˈfeʃ^ən^əl]

I. adj

1. (of a profession) beruflich, Berufs-

are you meeting with me in a personal or \professional capacity? ist Ihr Treffen mit mir privater oder geschäftlicher Natur?

he is a \professional troubleshooter er ist ein professioneller Krisenmanager

\professional career berufliche Laufbahn [o Karriere]

to be a \professional courtesy zu den beruflichen Gepflogenheiten gehören

\professional dress Berufskleidung f

\professional education no pl Berufsausbildung f

\professional expertise no pl Fachkenntnis f, Fachkompetenz f

\professional experience Berufserfahrung f

\professional interest berufliches Interesse

\professional jargon/journal/literature Fachjargon m/-zeitschrift f/-literatur f

\professional misconduct standeswidriges Verhalten, Berufspflichtverletzung f

\professional name Künstlername m

\professional qualifications berufliche Qualifikationen

\professional skill Fachkompetenz f, Sachkompetenz f

\professional standard Berufsstandard m

2. (not tradesman) freiberuflich, akademisch

\professional man/woman Akademiker m/Akademikerin f

\professional people Angehörige pl der freien [o akademischen] Berufe

\professional types ( fam) Akademiker(innen) m(f)

3. (expert) fachmännisch, fachlich

is that your personal or \professional opinion? ist das Ihre private Meinung oder Ihre Meinung als Fachmann?

\professional advice fachmännischer Rat

4. ( approv: businesslike) professionell, fachmännisch

to maintain \professional conduct professionell auftreten

to do a \professional job etw fachmännisch erledigen

\professional manner professionelles Auftreten

in a \professional manner fachmännisch

to look \professional professionell aussehen

5. (not amateur) Berufs-; SPORT Profi-

\professional career Profilaufbahn f, Profikarriere f

\professional dancer/gambler/soldier Berufstänzer(in) m(f)/-spieler(in) m(f)/-soldat(in) m(f)

\professional player Profispieler(in) m(f)

in \professional sports im Profisport

to be a \professional writer von Beruf Schriftsteller(in) m(f) sein

to go [or turn] \professional Profi werden; SPORT ins Profilager [über]wechseln fam

6. ( fam: habitual) notorisch

\professional liar notorischer Lügner/notorische Lügnerin, Lügenbold m fam

\professional matchmaker professioneller Ehestifter/professionelle Ehestifterin

II. n

1. (not an amateur) Fachmann, -frau m, f; SPORT Profi m

2. (not a tradesman) Akademiker(in) m(f), Angehörige(r) f(m) der freien [o akademischen] Berufe

* * *
[prə'feSənl]
1. adj

1) Berufs-, beruflich; opinion fachmännisch, fachlich; football, tennis professionell

their professional ability — ihre beruflichen Fähigkeiten

professional army/soldier — Berufsarmee m/-soldat(in) m(f)

his professional life — sein Berufsleben

our relationship is purely professional —

a professional thief — ein professioneller Dieb

professional criminal — Berufsverbrecher(in) m(f)

professional rioter — Krawalltourist(in) m(f)

we need your professional help here — hier brauchen wir Ihre fachmännische Hilfe

he's now doing it on a professional basis — er macht das jetzt hauptberuflich

in his professional capacity as a doctor — in seiner Eigenschaft als Arzt

to be a professional singer/author etc —

"flat to let to quiet professional gentleman" — "Wohnung zu vermieten an ruhigen gut situierten Herrn"

the pub is used mainly by professional men — das Lokal wird hauptsächlich von Angehörigen der gehobenen Berufe besucht

the professional classes — die gehobenen Berufe, die höheren Berufsstände (dated)

to seek/take professional advice — fachmännischen Rat suchen/einholen

it's not our professional practice — es gehört nicht zu unseren geschäftlichen Gepflogenheiten

to turn or go professional — Profi werden

2) (= skilled, competent) piece of work etc fachmännisch, fachgemäß, fachgerecht; worker, person gewissenhaft; company, approach professionell; (= expert) performance kompetent, sachkundig, professionell

he didn't make a very professional job of that — er hat das nicht sehr fachmännisch erledigt

he handled the matter in a very professional manner — er hat die Angelegenheit in sehr kompetenter Weise gehandhabt

that's not a very professional attitude to your work —

it's not up to professional standards — es entspricht nicht fachlichen Normen

a typed letter looks more professional — ein maschine(n)geschriebener Brief sieht professioneller aus

3) (inf) worrier, moaner notorisch, gewohnheitsmäßig

2. n
Profi m
* * *

professional [prəˈfeʃənl]

A adj (adv professionally)

1. Berufs…, beruflich, Amts…, Standes…:

professional association Berufsgenossenschaft f;

professional ethics pl Berufsethos n;

professional hono(u)r Berufsehre f;

professional jealousy Brot-, Konkurrenzneid m;

professional life Berufsleben n;

professional name Künstlername m;

professional pride Standesdünkel m;

professional secrecy ( oder discretion) Berufsgeheimnis n, Schweigepflicht f;

professional secret Berufsgeheimnis n; → academic.ru/47220/misconduct">misconduct B 2

2. Fach…, Berufs…, fachlich:

professional competence Fachkompetenz f;

professional school Fach-, Berufsschule f;

professional studies pl Fachstudium n;

in a professional way berufsmäßig, professionell;

professional man Mann m vom Fach ( → A 4)

3. Berufs…, professionell ( auch SPORT):

professional boxing Berufsboxen n;

professional career Profikarriere f;

professional foul (Fußball) Notbremse f fig;

commit a professional foul die Notbremse ziehen;

professional offer Profiangebot n;

professional player Profi m;

professional record Kampfrekord m (eines Berufsboxers);

professional team Profimannschaft f

4. freiberuflich, akademisch:

professional man Angehörige(r) m eines freien Berufes, Akademiker m ( → A 2);

the professional classes die höheren Berufsstände

5. fachlich ausgebildet, gelernt:

he’s a professional gardener

6. unentwegt, pej Berufs…:

professional patriot

7. a) (very) professional (ausgesprochen) gekonnt

b) pej routiniert:

his professional smile

B s

1. SPORT

a) Berufssportler(in) oder -spieler(in), Profi m:

turn professional ins Profilager überwechseln;

his first year as a professional sein erstes Profijahr

b) (Golf-, Tennis- etc) Lehrer(in)

2. Fachmann m, -frau f

3. Angehörige(r) m/f(m) eines freien Berufes, Akademiker(in)

* * *
1. adjective
1) (of profession) Berufs[ausbildung, -leben]; beruflich [Qualifikation, Laufbahn, Tätigkeit, Stolz, Ansehen]

professional body — Berufsorganisation, die

professional advice — fachmännischer Rat

professional standards — Leistungsniveau, das

2) (worthy of profession) (in technical expertise) fachmännisch; (in attitude) professionell; (in experience) routiniert

3) (engaged in profession)

professional people — Angehörige hoch qualifizierter Berufe

‘apartment to let to professional woman’ — "Wohnung an berufstätige Dame zu vermieten"

the professional class[es] — die gehobenen Berufe

4) (by profession) gelernt; (not amateur) Berufs[musiker, -sportler, -soldat, -fotograf]; Profi[sportler]

5) (paid) Profi[sport, -boxen, -fußball, -tennis]

go or turn professional — Profi werden

be in the professional army — Berufssoldat sein

be in the professional theatre/on the professional stage — beruflich am Theater/als Schauspieler arbeiten
2. noun
(trained person, lit. or fig.) Fachmann, der/Fachfrau, die; (non-amateur; also Sport, Theatre) Profi, der

* * *

adj.

fachgerecht adj.

professionell adj. n.

Profi -s m.

fachgemäß adj.

English-german dictionary > professional
5 in

в, у

in accordance with international norms — у відповідності з міжнародними нормами

in case the votes of the permanent members of the Security Council do not concur — у випадку неспівпадіння голосів постійний членів Ради Безпеки ( ООН)

in contravention of the UN principles — на порушення принципів ООН

in exact accordance with the law — у точній відповідності з законом

in good faith and on reasonable ground — = in good faith and on reasonable grounds добросовісно і на розумній підставі

in good faith and on reasonable grounds — = in good faith and on reasonable ground

in-patient psychiatric facility — психіатрична лікарня, психіатричний стаціонар

in the absence of an express provision — за відсутності прямо встановленої норми

in the absence of applicable legal rules — за відсутності відповідних правових норм ( в законодавстві)

in the absence of competing rules — у випадку відсутності колідуючих норм

in the act of committing an offence — = in the act of committing an offense під час вчинення злочину

in the act of committing an offense — = in the act of committing an offence

in the commission of an offence — = in the commission of an offense під час вчинення злочину

in the commission of an offense — = in the commission of an offence

in the course of legal proceedings — під час судового розгляду

in the course of one's employment — під час роботи ( когось)

in the discharge of official duties — при виконанні службових обов'язків

in the exercise of supervisory powers — в порядку нагляду

in the interest of the public good — в інтересах суспільного блага

in the interests of one's security — = in the interests of security

in the interests of the investigation still under way — в інтересах слідства, що ще не закінчилося

in the interests of the secrecy of the investigation — в інтересах таємниці слідства

in the part not contravening the constitution — в частині, що не суперечить конституції

- in-and-in marriage
- in-custody confession
- in-custody interrogation
- in-door training
- in flagrant delict
- in-house expert
- in-house policy
- in a consultative capacity
- in a democratic way
- in a diplomatic pouch
- in a discriminatory fashion
- in a dishonest way
- in a due process of law
- in a non-discriminatory manner
- in a perfunctory manner
- in a state of intoxication
- in abeyance
- in absentia
- in accordance
- in accordance with a direction
- in accordance with the law
- in advance
- in aggravating circumstances
- in an arbitrary manner
- in an emergency
- in an open meeting
- in bad faith
- in banc
- in banco
- in bank
- in bar of...
- in behalf
- in blank
- in bonds
- in bounden duty
- in breach
- in camera
- in camera hearing
- in camera inspection
- in case of death
- in cold blood
- in commission
- in concert
- in conclusion
- in confidence
- in conformity
- in conformity with the law
- in contempt
- in contravention
- in contumaciam
- in court
- in criminal way
- in criminal ways
- in curia
- in default of payment
- in defence
- in defense
- in defiance
- in defiance of the law
- in depth
- in derogation
- in detail
- in dishonor
- in dissent
- in due form
- in duty bound
- in duty status
- in effect
- in equity
- in escrow
- in everybody's interest
- in evidence
- in ex.
- in exchange
- in exchange for confession
- in fact
- in fair do's
- in faith whereof
- in favor
- in favour
- in favor of the defendant
- in favour of the defendant
- in favor of the plaintiff
- in favour of the plaintiff
- in flagrant delict
- in flagrant violation
- in flagrante delicto
- in force
- in forma pauperis
- in full session
- in good faith
- in good times
- in gross
- in hand
- in invitum
- in jeopardy
- in judicio
- in keeping with the law
- in kind
- in latere
- in law
- in-law relation
- in-law relative
- in legal contemplation
- in legal terms
- in line of duty
- in litem
- in local currency
- in memoria
- in money terms
- in mora
- in national currency
- in one's capacity
- in one's discretion
- in one's employment
- in one's own defence
- in one's own defense
- in one's own right
- in open court
- in order of seniority
- in pais
- in palliation
- in pari causa
- in pari causa
- in-patient examination
- in-patient treatment
- in peril of life
- in peril of one's life
- in perpetuity
- in person
- in personam
- in place
- in-place sexual harassment
- in power
- in prejudice
- in preparation
- in principle
- in private capacity
- in privity
- in public
- in pursuance
- in pursuance of a contract
- in pursuance of a law
- in question
- in re
- in record
- in rem
- in rent
- in reverse order
- in revolt
- in rotation
- in safe custody
- in-stock balance
- in terms of money
- in the absence
- in the absence of evidence
- in the absence of witnesses
- in the amount
- in the article of death
- in the bad graces
- in the concrete
- in the course of a crime
- in the course of duty
- in the course of investigation
- in the court-house
- in the face
- in the field of law
- in the guise
- in the heat of passion
- in the interests
- in the interest of justice
- in the interests of justice
- in the interests of security
- in the interests of law
- in the international arena
- in the last resort
- in the legal sense
- in the line of service
- in the matter
- in the matter of
- in the policeman's presence
- in the practice of law
- in the presence
- in the presence of a lawyer
- in the presence of the court
- in the pretence
- in the robe
- in the spirit
- in the spirit of smth.
- in the world arena
- in this behalf
- in totality
- in transitu
- in violation
- in witness
- in witness whereof
- in words
- in-work sexual harassment
- in 2001 edition

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > in
6 ACE

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Automated commercial environment

2) Компьютерная техника: Artificial Compound Entity, area control error, automatic crossconnection equipment

3) Биология: adrenal cortical extract

4) Авиация: Airborne Command Element (AWACS/ABCCC)

5) Медицина: (i) angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor) (ингибитор ангиотензинпревращающего фермента), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ангиотензинпревращающий фермент), External Carotid Artery

6) Спорт: Adventure Camaraderie Entertainment, Annual Catch Entitlement, Athlete Career And Education

7) Военный термин: ASAS( All- Source Analysis System) Collateral Enclave, Advance Communications Element, Aerobatic Competency Evaluator, Airborne Command Element, Airborne Communications Electronics, Analysis and Control Element, Armored Combat Earth-mover, Armored Combat Excavator, Army Certificate of Education, Army Combat Earth-mover, Army Corps of Engineers, Army combat engineers, Assistant Chief of Engineers, Assistant Corps of Engineers, Aviation Career Education, Aviation Combat Element, Aviation Council Emeritus, advanced compilation equipment, advanced controlled experiments, advanced cost effective, air combat engagement, aircraft capability estimator, aircraft condition evaluation, airspace control element, ambush communications equipment, armored combat earthmover, armored combat engineer, artillery control experiment, assessment of combat effectiveness, atmospheric control experimentation, automatic clutter elimination, automatic computing equipment, automatic control equipment, Airspace Coordination Element (сокр.) (подразделение по координации использования воздушного пространства)

8) Техника: Advanced computer environment, Association of Computer Experts, accelerated, acceleration, advanced capability explorer, advanced computing element, altitude control electronics, analytic computer equipment, anesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether, attitude control electronics, automatic circuit exchange

9) Сельское хозяйство: anaesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether

10) Химия: Acetate

11) Строительство: Approved Capital Expenditure

12) Религия: Alliance For Catholic Education

13) Юридический термин: Action Community Empowerment, Advanced Court Engineering

14) Бухгалтерия: A Checking Experience, Accumulated Cash Equivalence, Adjusted Current Earnings

15) Архитектура: (Association of Consulting Engineers) ассоциация инженеров-консультантов (Великобритании)

16) Испанский язык: Аргентинская академия экономических наук (сокр. от Academia de Ciencias Económicas = Argentine Academy of Economics)

17) Политика: Alliance for Credible Elections (обычно оставляют английскую аббревиатуру при перевода - даже на официальном сайте организации)

18) Сокращение: Achinese, Actuator Control Electronics, Advanced Computing Environment (2003 IT upgrade including Microsoft Outlook email), Advanced Computing Environments, After Christian Era, Agile Control Experiment, Air Combat Element (USAF), Air Combat Element, Air Combat-manoeuvres Evaluation, All Composite Evaluator, Allied Command Europe (NATO), Allied Command, Europe, Altimeter Control Equipment, American Council on Education, Analogue Code Encryption unit, Analysis & Control Element, Armored Combat Earthmover (USA), Arrow Continuation Experiment (Israel), Assistant Chief Engineer, Automatic Calibration and Equalization, Automatic Compilation Equipment, Automatic Computing Engine, Avion de Combat Europeen, Adaptive Communication Environment, angiotension-converting enzyme, American Cinema Editors («Американские редакторы — монтажёры кинофильмов » (почётное общество)), Association of Cost Engineers (Ассоциация инженеров по экономической эффективности (Великобритания)), automatic computing engine (автоматическая счётная машина), automated cable expertise (автоматическое диагностирование кабельных линий), Advanced Compatibility Engineering (автомоб.), Adverse Channel Enhancements, Adaptive Color and Contrast Enhancement

19) Университет: Academic And Career Excellence, Academic Center For Excellence, Academic Character Excellence, Academic Community For Enrichment, Academic Competition Of Excellence, Academic Core Enrichment, Accelerated College Enrollment, Achievement Centred Environment, Achieving A College Education, Association Of Collegiate Entrepreneurs

20) Физиология: Antegrade Continence Enema

21) Электроника: Advanced Combination Encoder, Automatic Control Environment, aging compensating effect ( сокр.) (компенсирующее действие старения 2. компенсация старения), advanced customized ECL (сокр.) (усовершенствованная специализированная логическая схема с эмиттерными связями)

22) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Collaborative Filtering, Advanced Computing Environment, Associated Computer Experts, Asynchronous Communication Element, advanced computational element, asynchronous communications element, аппаратура управления доступом, записи контроля доступа (Access Control Entries), Access Control Entry (AD), ASCII Compatible Encoding (ASCII, Internet, DOMAIN), Advanced Computing Environments (Corporate name), Advanced Computing Environment (Hersteller), Advanced Composition Explorer (Space), Autonomous Computer Engine (WD), запись (точка входа в список) управления доступом, access control entry, шифрование управления доступом

23) Иммунология: Arthritis Control Electrostimulator

24) Связь: Auxiliary Control Element

25) Космонавтика: Advanced Composition Explorer, автоматическое оборудование проверки

26) Транспорт: Active Cornering Enhancement, Air Cleaning Engine, Airport Capacity Enhancement

27) Воздухоплавание: Airspace Coordination Element, Automatic Clutter Eliminator

28) Фирменный знак: Air Canada Enterprises, Alice Calhoun Enterprises, American Coal Enterprizes, American Computer Estimating, Austin Chess Enterprises, Austria Cards Emv

29) Экология: Antarctic current experiment

30) Энергетика: ошибка в пределах данной области регулирования

31) СМИ: American Cinema Editors, American Classic Edition, Assistant Community Editor, Awards For Cablecasting Excellence

32) Деловая лексика: Accepting The Challenge Of Excellence, Access Competition And Etiquette, Access To Career Enrichment, Achieving Customer Excellence

33) Производство: Achieving Competitive Excellence, достижение конкурентного совершенства (система непрерывного совершенствования производства, принятая ам. компанией Pratt & Whitney)

34) Менеджмент: actual control estimate

35) Образование: Academically Committed Environment, Academics Citizenship And Effort, Accelerated Cooperative Education, Achievement Credentials And Evaluation, Achieving And Choosing Excellence, Adult And Community Education, Advanced Continuous Education, Affordable Community Education, Aids Counseling And Education, Aids Counseling Education, Appreciation Certification And Education, Assistance Counseling And Encouragement, Attend Class Everyday, Aviation Career Exploration, Aviation Careers Education

36) Сетевые технологии: Access Collaboration Equity, Address Correction And Encoding, access control encryption, access control equipment

37) Полимеры: acceptance checkout equipment, automatic checkout equipment

38) Программирование: Ascii Compatible Encoding

39) Контроль качества: acceptance check-out equipment

40) Океанография: Aerosol Characterization Experiment, Atmospheric Collection Equipment

41) Химическое оружие: acetylcholinesterase

42) Авиационная медицина: accident cause elimination

43) Безопасность: Advanced Combination Encoders

44) Расширение файла: Access Control Encryption/Entry, Adverse Channel Enhancements (Microcom), Advanced Computing Environment (SCO)

45) МИД: Allied Command Europe NATO

46) Электротехника: automatic control engineering

47) Космический летательный аппарат: advanced capability explorer( сокр.) (исследовательский КА с усовершенствованными характеристиками)

48) Майкрософт: элемент управления доступом

49) Должность: Adobe Certified Expert, Amx Certified Expert, Associate Career Enhancement, Available Consultants And Executives

50) Чат: A Cool Experience

51) НАСА: Apollo Checkout Equipment

52) Программное обеспечение: The Adobe Color Engine

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ACE
7 Ace

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Automated commercial environment

2) Компьютерная техника: Artificial Compound Entity, area control error, automatic crossconnection equipment

3) Биология: adrenal cortical extract

4) Авиация: Airborne Command Element (AWACS/ABCCC)

5) Медицина: (i) angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor) (ингибитор ангиотензинпревращающего фермента), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ангиотензинпревращающий фермент), External Carotid Artery

6) Спорт: Adventure Camaraderie Entertainment, Annual Catch Entitlement, Athlete Career And Education

7) Военный термин: ASAS( All- Source Analysis System) Collateral Enclave, Advance Communications Element, Aerobatic Competency Evaluator, Airborne Command Element, Airborne Communications Electronics, Analysis and Control Element, Armored Combat Earth-mover, Armored Combat Excavator, Army Certificate of Education, Army Combat Earth-mover, Army Corps of Engineers, Army combat engineers, Assistant Chief of Engineers, Assistant Corps of Engineers, Aviation Career Education, Aviation Combat Element, Aviation Council Emeritus, advanced compilation equipment, advanced controlled experiments, advanced cost effective, air combat engagement, aircraft capability estimator, aircraft condition evaluation, airspace control element, ambush communications equipment, armored combat earthmover, armored combat engineer, artillery control experiment, assessment of combat effectiveness, atmospheric control experimentation, automatic clutter elimination, automatic computing equipment, automatic control equipment, Airspace Coordination Element (сокр.) (подразделение по координации использования воздушного пространства)

8) Техника: Advanced computer environment, Association of Computer Experts, accelerated, acceleration, advanced capability explorer, advanced computing element, altitude control electronics, analytic computer equipment, anesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether, attitude control electronics, automatic circuit exchange

9) Сельское хозяйство: anaesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether

10) Химия: Acetate

11) Строительство: Approved Capital Expenditure

12) Религия: Alliance For Catholic Education

13) Юридический термин: Action Community Empowerment, Advanced Court Engineering

14) Бухгалтерия: A Checking Experience, Accumulated Cash Equivalence, Adjusted Current Earnings

15) Архитектура: (Association of Consulting Engineers) ассоциация инженеров-консультантов (Великобритании)

16) Испанский язык: Аргентинская академия экономических наук (сокр. от Academia de Ciencias Económicas = Argentine Academy of Economics)

17) Политика: Alliance for Credible Elections (обычно оставляют английскую аббревиатуру при перевода - даже на официальном сайте организации)

18) Сокращение: Achinese, Actuator Control Electronics, Advanced Computing Environment (2003 IT upgrade including Microsoft Outlook email), Advanced Computing Environments, After Christian Era, Agile Control Experiment, Air Combat Element (USAF), Air Combat Element, Air Combat-manoeuvres Evaluation, All Composite Evaluator, Allied Command Europe (NATO), Allied Command, Europe, Altimeter Control Equipment, American Council on Education, Analogue Code Encryption unit, Analysis & Control Element, Armored Combat Earthmover (USA), Arrow Continuation Experiment (Israel), Assistant Chief Engineer, Automatic Calibration and Equalization, Automatic Compilation Equipment, Automatic Computing Engine, Avion de Combat Europeen, Adaptive Communication Environment, angiotension-converting enzyme, American Cinema Editors («Американские редакторы — монтажёры кинофильмов » (почётное общество)), Association of Cost Engineers (Ассоциация инженеров по экономической эффективности (Великобритания)), automatic computing engine (автоматическая счётная машина), automated cable expertise (автоматическое диагностирование кабельных линий), Advanced Compatibility Engineering (автомоб.), Adverse Channel Enhancements, Adaptive Color and Contrast Enhancement

19) Университет: Academic And Career Excellence, Academic Center For Excellence, Academic Character Excellence, Academic Community For Enrichment, Academic Competition Of Excellence, Academic Core Enrichment, Accelerated College Enrollment, Achievement Centred Environment, Achieving A College Education, Association Of Collegiate Entrepreneurs

20) Физиология: Antegrade Continence Enema

21) Электроника: Advanced Combination Encoder, Automatic Control Environment, aging compensating effect ( сокр.) (компенсирующее действие старения 2. компенсация старения), advanced customized ECL (сокр.) (усовершенствованная специализированная логическая схема с эмиттерными связями)

22) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Collaborative Filtering, Advanced Computing Environment, Associated Computer Experts, Asynchronous Communication Element, advanced computational element, asynchronous communications element, аппаратура управления доступом, записи контроля доступа (Access Control Entries), Access Control Entry (AD), ASCII Compatible Encoding (ASCII, Internet, DOMAIN), Advanced Computing Environments (Corporate name), Advanced Computing Environment (Hersteller), Advanced Composition Explorer (Space), Autonomous Computer Engine (WD), запись (точка входа в список) управления доступом, access control entry, шифрование управления доступом

23) Иммунология: Arthritis Control Electrostimulator

24) Связь: Auxiliary Control Element

25) Космонавтика: Advanced Composition Explorer, автоматическое оборудование проверки

26) Транспорт: Active Cornering Enhancement, Air Cleaning Engine, Airport Capacity Enhancement

27) Воздухоплавание: Airspace Coordination Element, Automatic Clutter Eliminator

28) Фирменный знак: Air Canada Enterprises, Alice Calhoun Enterprises, American Coal Enterprizes, American Computer Estimating, Austin Chess Enterprises, Austria Cards Emv

29) Экология: Antarctic current experiment

30) Энергетика: ошибка в пределах данной области регулирования

31) СМИ: American Cinema Editors, American Classic Edition, Assistant Community Editor, Awards For Cablecasting Excellence

32) Деловая лексика: Accepting The Challenge Of Excellence, Access Competition And Etiquette, Access To Career Enrichment, Achieving Customer Excellence

33) Производство: Achieving Competitive Excellence, достижение конкурентного совершенства (система непрерывного совершенствования производства, принятая ам. компанией Pratt & Whitney)

34) Менеджмент: actual control estimate

35) Образование: Academically Committed Environment, Academics Citizenship And Effort, Accelerated Cooperative Education, Achievement Credentials And Evaluation, Achieving And Choosing Excellence, Adult And Community Education, Advanced Continuous Education, Affordable Community Education, Aids Counseling And Education, Aids Counseling Education, Appreciation Certification And Education, Assistance Counseling And Encouragement, Attend Class Everyday, Aviation Career Exploration, Aviation Careers Education

36) Сетевые технологии: Access Collaboration Equity, Address Correction And Encoding, access control encryption, access control equipment

37) Полимеры: acceptance checkout equipment, automatic checkout equipment

38) Программирование: Ascii Compatible Encoding

39) Контроль качества: acceptance check-out equipment

40) Океанография: Aerosol Characterization Experiment, Atmospheric Collection Equipment

41) Химическое оружие: acetylcholinesterase

42) Авиационная медицина: accident cause elimination

43) Безопасность: Advanced Combination Encoders

44) Расширение файла: Access Control Encryption/Entry, Adverse Channel Enhancements (Microcom), Advanced Computing Environment (SCO)

45) МИД: Allied Command Europe NATO

46) Электротехника: automatic control engineering

47) Космический летательный аппарат: advanced capability explorer( сокр.) (исследовательский КА с усовершенствованными характеристиками)

48) Майкрософт: элемент управления доступом

49) Должность: Adobe Certified Expert, Amx Certified Expert, Associate Career Enhancement, Available Consultants And Executives

50) Чат: A Cool Experience

51) НАСА: Apollo Checkout Equipment

52) Программное обеспечение: The Adobe Color Engine

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ace
8 CCR

1) Компьютерная техника: Chinese Character Recognition

2) Американизм: Central Contractor Registration, Central Contractor Registry, Coordinated Compliance Review

3) Спорт: Crystal Creek Rabbitry

4) Военный термин: Command Conference Room, central control room, closed circuit radio, combat center, remoted, combat crew, command control receiver, command control room, component change request, contract change release, contract change request

5) Техника: Computer Command Ride, closed-circuit radio, closed-cycle refrigerator, coaxial cavity resonator, command and control receiver, command and control room, communications change request, complex control room, control circuit resistance, cube corner reflector, центральная диспетчерская

6) Религия: Career Christian Retreat, Compliments Compassion And Reassurance

7) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago City Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway Company

8) Юридический термин: Circuit Court Reports, Colonial Court Records, Covenants Conditions And Restrictions

9) Экономика: cash-on-cash return, ограничение мощности по ресурсам, capacity constraint resources

10) Бухгалтерия: Circle Computer Resources

11) Грубое выражение: Computer Crazy Retard, Crap Curd Rat

12) Телекоммуникации: Customer Controlled Reconfiguration, Commitment, Concurrency, and Recovery (Application Layer)

13) Сокращение: Canadian Coastal Radar, Canadian Coastal Radars (part of the old Pinetree Line), Commission on Civil Rights, Computer-Controlled Range, Credence Clearwater Revival, Cumulative Continuation Rate, Channel Command Register, Conversation Control Record, Counter Current Regeneration

14) Физика: Centre for Chaotic Repeatability

15) Вычислительная техника: commitment, concurrence and recovery protocol, continuing certification requirement, автоматизированный поиск, Current Cell Rate (ATM), Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery (OSI)

16) Нефть: критическая степень сжатия (critical compression ratio)

17) Онкология: Continuous complete remission

18) Банковское дело: Corporate Credit Rating

19) Энергетика: щитовая системы управления станцией, customer control room

20) СМИ: Camera- Cassette Recorder (aka camcorder)

21) Деловая лексика: Certified Construction Resource

22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Central Commission for Reserves, Central Committee for Reserves, установка каталитического крекинга

23) Сетевые технологии: Continuing Certification Requirements, commitment, concurrency and recovery protocol, computer-controlled retrieval, протокол передачи, согласования и возврата

24) Полимеры: critical compression ratio

25) Программирование: Condition Code Register

26) Контроль качества: component change rate

27) Химическое оружие: Code of Colorado Regulations

28) Интернет: Commitment, Concurrency, and Recovery

29) Нефть и газ: Central Commission for Hydrocarbon Reserves, Central Committee on Reserves, Minprirody Central Commission for State Expert Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Gas Condensate Reserves, Roskomnedra Central Commission for State Expert Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Gas Condensate Reserves, TsKZ-neft, consolidated control room, ЦКЗ-нефть, ЦКЗ нефть, ЦКЗнефть, Центральная комиссия Минприроды по государственной экспертизе запасов нефти, природного газа, газового конденсата, Центральная комиссия Роскомнедра по государственной экспертизе запасов нефти, природного газа, газового конденсата, CCR Oil, Central Committee on Hydrocarbon Reserves

30) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Conradson carbon residue, continuous catalyst regeneration, continuous catalytic reforming (непрерывный каталитический риформинг), установка каталитического реформинга с непрерывной регенерацией, continuous catalytic reformer

31) Логистика: Центральный реестр подрядчиков (Central Contractor Registration, https://www.bpn.gov/ccr/default.aspx)

32) Электротехника: control contactor

33) Уровнеметрия: Cargo Control Room

34) Общественная организация: Center for Constitutional Rights

35) Правительство: Codes Covenants Restrictions

36) NYSE. Countrywide CR Industries, Inc.

37) НАСА: Configuration Change Request

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CCR
9 CCr

1) Компьютерная техника: Chinese Character Recognition

2) Американизм: Central Contractor Registration, Central Contractor Registry, Coordinated Compliance Review

3) Спорт: Crystal Creek Rabbitry

4) Военный термин: Command Conference Room, central control room, closed circuit radio, combat center, remoted, combat crew, command control receiver, command control room, component change request, contract change release, contract change request

5) Техника: Computer Command Ride, closed-circuit radio, closed-cycle refrigerator, coaxial cavity resonator, command and control receiver, command and control room, communications change request, complex control room, control circuit resistance, cube corner reflector, центральная диспетчерская

6) Религия: Career Christian Retreat, Compliments Compassion And Reassurance

7) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago City Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway Company

8) Юридический термин: Circuit Court Reports, Colonial Court Records, Covenants Conditions And Restrictions

9) Экономика: cash-on-cash return, ограничение мощности по ресурсам, capacity constraint resources

10) Бухгалтерия: Circle Computer Resources

11) Грубое выражение: Computer Crazy Retard, Crap Curd Rat

12) Телекоммуникации: Customer Controlled Reconfiguration, Commitment, Concurrency, and Recovery (Application Layer)

13) Сокращение: Canadian Coastal Radar, Canadian Coastal Radars (part of the old Pinetree Line), Commission on Civil Rights, Computer-Controlled Range, Credence Clearwater Revival, Cumulative Continuation Rate, Channel Command Register, Conversation Control Record, Counter Current Regeneration

14) Физика: Centre for Chaotic Repeatability

15) Вычислительная техника: commitment, concurrence and recovery protocol, continuing certification requirement, автоматизированный поиск, Current Cell Rate (ATM), Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery (OSI)

16) Нефть: критическая степень сжатия (critical compression ratio)

17) Онкология: Continuous complete remission

18) Банковское дело: Corporate Credit Rating

19) Энергетика: щитовая системы управления станцией, customer control room

20) СМИ: Camera- Cassette Recorder (aka camcorder)

21) Деловая лексика: Certified Construction Resource

22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Central Commission for Reserves, Central Committee for Reserves, установка каталитического крекинга

23) Сетевые технологии: Continuing Certification Requirements, commitment, concurrency and recovery protocol, computer-controlled retrieval, протокол передачи, согласования и возврата

24) Полимеры: critical compression ratio

25) Программирование: Condition Code Register

26) Контроль качества: component change rate

27) Химическое оружие: Code of Colorado Regulations

28) Интернет: Commitment, Concurrency, and Recovery

29) Нефть и газ: Central Commission for Hydrocarbon Reserves, Central Committee on Reserves, Minprirody Central Commission for State Expert Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Gas Condensate Reserves, Roskomnedra Central Commission for State Expert Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Gas Condensate Reserves, TsKZ-neft, consolidated control room, ЦКЗ-нефть, ЦКЗ нефть, ЦКЗнефть, Центральная комиссия Минприроды по государственной экспертизе запасов нефти, природного газа, газового конденсата, Центральная комиссия Роскомнедра по государственной экспертизе запасов нефти, природного газа, газового конденсата, CCR Oil, Central Committee on Hydrocarbon Reserves

30) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Conradson carbon residue, continuous catalyst regeneration, continuous catalytic reforming (непрерывный каталитический риформинг), установка каталитического реформинга с непрерывной регенерацией, continuous catalytic reformer

31) Логистика: Центральный реестр подрядчиков (Central Contractor Registration, https://www.bpn.gov/ccr/default.aspx)

32) Электротехника: control contactor

33) Уровнеметрия: Cargo Control Room

34) Общественная организация: Center for Constitutional Rights

35) Правительство: Codes Covenants Restrictions

36) NYSE. Countrywide CR Industries, Inc.

37) НАСА: Configuration Change Request

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CCr
10 Ccr

1) Компьютерная техника: Chinese Character Recognition

2) Американизм: Central Contractor Registration, Central Contractor Registry, Coordinated Compliance Review

3) Спорт: Crystal Creek Rabbitry

4) Военный термин: Command Conference Room, central control room, closed circuit radio, combat center, remoted, combat crew, command control receiver, command control room, component change request, contract change release, contract change request

5) Техника: Computer Command Ride, closed-circuit radio, closed-cycle refrigerator, coaxial cavity resonator, command and control receiver, command and control room, communications change request, complex control room, control circuit resistance, cube corner reflector, центральная диспетчерская

6) Религия: Career Christian Retreat, Compliments Compassion And Reassurance

7) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago City Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway Company

8) Юридический термин: Circuit Court Reports, Colonial Court Records, Covenants Conditions And Restrictions

9) Экономика: cash-on-cash return, ограничение мощности по ресурсам, capacity constraint resources

10) Бухгалтерия: Circle Computer Resources

11) Грубое выражение: Computer Crazy Retard, Crap Curd Rat

12) Телекоммуникации: Customer Controlled Reconfiguration, Commitment, Concurrency, and Recovery (Application Layer)

13) Сокращение: Canadian Coastal Radar, Canadian Coastal Radars (part of the old Pinetree Line), Commission on Civil Rights, Computer-Controlled Range, Credence Clearwater Revival, Cumulative Continuation Rate, Channel Command Register, Conversation Control Record, Counter Current Regeneration

14) Физика: Centre for Chaotic Repeatability

15) Вычислительная техника: commitment, concurrence and recovery protocol, continuing certification requirement, автоматизированный поиск, Current Cell Rate (ATM), Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery (OSI)

16) Нефть: критическая степень сжатия (critical compression ratio)

17) Онкология: Continuous complete remission

18) Банковское дело: Corporate Credit Rating

19) Энергетика: щитовая системы управления станцией, customer control room

20) СМИ: Camera- Cassette Recorder (aka camcorder)

21) Деловая лексика: Certified Construction Resource

22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Central Commission for Reserves, Central Committee for Reserves, установка каталитического крекинга

23) Сетевые технологии: Continuing Certification Requirements, commitment, concurrency and recovery protocol, computer-controlled retrieval, протокол передачи, согласования и возврата

24) Полимеры: critical compression ratio

25) Программирование: Condition Code Register

26) Контроль качества: component change rate

27) Химическое оружие: Code of Colorado Regulations

28) Интернет: Commitment, Concurrency, and Recovery

29) Нефть и газ: Central Commission for Hydrocarbon Reserves, Central Committee on Reserves, Minprirody Central Commission for State Expert Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Gas Condensate Reserves, Roskomnedra Central Commission for State Expert Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Gas Condensate Reserves, TsKZ-neft, consolidated control room, ЦКЗ-нефть, ЦКЗ нефть, ЦКЗнефть, Центральная комиссия Минприроды по государственной экспертизе запасов нефти, природного газа, газового конденсата, Центральная комиссия Роскомнедра по государственной экспертизе запасов нефти, природного газа, газового конденсата, CCR Oil, Central Committee on Hydrocarbon Reserves

30) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Conradson carbon residue, continuous catalyst regeneration, continuous catalytic reforming (непрерывный каталитический риформинг), установка каталитического реформинга с непрерывной регенерацией, continuous catalytic reformer

31) Логистика: Центральный реестр подрядчиков (Central Contractor Registration, https://www.bpn.gov/ccr/default.aspx)

32) Электротехника: control contactor

33) Уровнеметрия: Cargo Control Room

34) Общественная организация: Center for Constitutional Rights

35) Правительство: Codes Covenants Restrictions

36) NYSE. Countrywide CR Industries, Inc.

37) НАСА: Configuration Change Request

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ccr
11 ace

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Automated commercial environment

2) Компьютерная техника: Artificial Compound Entity, area control error, automatic crossconnection equipment

3) Биология: adrenal cortical extract

4) Авиация: Airborne Command Element (AWACS/ABCCC)

5) Медицина: (i) angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor) (ингибитор ангиотензинпревращающего фермента), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ангиотензинпревращающий фермент), External Carotid Artery

6) Спорт: Adventure Camaraderie Entertainment, Annual Catch Entitlement, Athlete Career And Education

7) Военный термин: ASAS( All- Source Analysis System) Collateral Enclave, Advance Communications Element, Aerobatic Competency Evaluator, Airborne Command Element, Airborne Communications Electronics, Analysis and Control Element, Armored Combat Earth-mover, Armored Combat Excavator, Army Certificate of Education, Army Combat Earth-mover, Army Corps of Engineers, Army combat engineers, Assistant Chief of Engineers, Assistant Corps of Engineers, Aviation Career Education, Aviation Combat Element, Aviation Council Emeritus, advanced compilation equipment, advanced controlled experiments, advanced cost effective, air combat engagement, aircraft capability estimator, aircraft condition evaluation, airspace control element, ambush communications equipment, armored combat earthmover, armored combat engineer, artillery control experiment, assessment of combat effectiveness, atmospheric control experimentation, automatic clutter elimination, automatic computing equipment, automatic control equipment, Airspace Coordination Element (сокр.) (подразделение по координации использования воздушного пространства)

8) Техника: Advanced computer environment, Association of Computer Experts, accelerated, acceleration, advanced capability explorer, advanced computing element, altitude control electronics, analytic computer equipment, anesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether, attitude control electronics, automatic circuit exchange

9) Сельское хозяйство: anaesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether

10) Химия: Acetate

11) Строительство: Approved Capital Expenditure

12) Религия: Alliance For Catholic Education

13) Юридический термин: Action Community Empowerment, Advanced Court Engineering

14) Бухгалтерия: A Checking Experience, Accumulated Cash Equivalence, Adjusted Current Earnings

15) Архитектура: (Association of Consulting Engineers) ассоциация инженеров-консультантов (Великобритании)

16) Испанский язык: Аргентинская академия экономических наук (сокр. от Academia de Ciencias Económicas = Argentine Academy of Economics)

17) Политика: Alliance for Credible Elections (обычно оставляют английскую аббревиатуру при перевода - даже на официальном сайте организации)

18) Сокращение: Achinese, Actuator Control Electronics, Advanced Computing Environment (2003 IT upgrade including Microsoft Outlook email), Advanced Computing Environments, After Christian Era, Agile Control Experiment, Air Combat Element (USAF), Air Combat Element, Air Combat-manoeuvres Evaluation, All Composite Evaluator, Allied Command Europe (NATO), Allied Command, Europe, Altimeter Control Equipment, American Council on Education, Analogue Code Encryption unit, Analysis & Control Element, Armored Combat Earthmover (USA), Arrow Continuation Experiment (Israel), Assistant Chief Engineer, Automatic Calibration and Equalization, Automatic Compilation Equipment, Automatic Computing Engine, Avion de Combat Europeen, Adaptive Communication Environment, angiotension-converting enzyme, American Cinema Editors («Американские редакторы — монтажёры кинофильмов » (почётное общество)), Association of Cost Engineers (Ассоциация инженеров по экономической эффективности (Великобритания)), automatic computing engine (автоматическая счётная машина), automated cable expertise (автоматическое диагностирование кабельных линий), Advanced Compatibility Engineering (автомоб.), Adverse Channel Enhancements, Adaptive Color and Contrast Enhancement

19) Университет: Academic And Career Excellence, Academic Center For Excellence, Academic Character Excellence, Academic Community For Enrichment, Academic Competition Of Excellence, Academic Core Enrichment, Accelerated College Enrollment, Achievement Centred Environment, Achieving A College Education, Association Of Collegiate Entrepreneurs

20) Физиология: Antegrade Continence Enema

21) Электроника: Advanced Combination Encoder, Automatic Control Environment, aging compensating effect ( сокр.) (компенсирующее действие старения 2. компенсация старения), advanced customized ECL (сокр.) (усовершенствованная специализированная логическая схема с эмиттерными связями)

22) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Collaborative Filtering, Advanced Computing Environment, Associated Computer Experts, Asynchronous Communication Element, advanced computational element, asynchronous communications element, аппаратура управления доступом, записи контроля доступа (Access Control Entries), Access Control Entry (AD), ASCII Compatible Encoding (ASCII, Internet, DOMAIN), Advanced Computing Environments (Corporate name), Advanced Computing Environment (Hersteller), Advanced Composition Explorer (Space), Autonomous Computer Engine (WD), запись (точка входа в список) управления доступом, access control entry, шифрование управления доступом

23) Иммунология: Arthritis Control Electrostimulator

24) Связь: Auxiliary Control Element

25) Космонавтика: Advanced Composition Explorer, автоматическое оборудование проверки

26) Транспорт: Active Cornering Enhancement, Air Cleaning Engine, Airport Capacity Enhancement

27) Воздухоплавание: Airspace Coordination Element, Automatic Clutter Eliminator

28) Фирменный знак: Air Canada Enterprises, Alice Calhoun Enterprises, American Coal Enterprizes, American Computer Estimating, Austin Chess Enterprises, Austria Cards Emv

29) Экология: Antarctic current experiment

30) Энергетика: ошибка в пределах данной области регулирования

31) СМИ: American Cinema Editors, American Classic Edition, Assistant Community Editor, Awards For Cablecasting Excellence

32) Деловая лексика: Accepting The Challenge Of Excellence, Access Competition And Etiquette, Access To Career Enrichment, Achieving Customer Excellence

33) Производство: Achieving Competitive Excellence, достижение конкурентного совершенства (система непрерывного совершенствования производства, принятая ам. компанией Pratt & Whitney)

34) Менеджмент: actual control estimate

35) Образование: Academically Committed Environment, Academics Citizenship And Effort, Accelerated Cooperative Education, Achievement Credentials And Evaluation, Achieving And Choosing Excellence, Adult And Community Education, Advanced Continuous Education, Affordable Community Education, Aids Counseling And Education, Aids Counseling Education, Appreciation Certification And Education, Assistance Counseling And Encouragement, Attend Class Everyday, Aviation Career Exploration, Aviation Careers Education

36) Сетевые технологии: Access Collaboration Equity, Address Correction And Encoding, access control encryption, access control equipment

37) Полимеры: acceptance checkout equipment, automatic checkout equipment

38) Программирование: Ascii Compatible Encoding

39) Контроль качества: acceptance check-out equipment

40) Океанография: Aerosol Characterization Experiment, Atmospheric Collection Equipment

41) Химическое оружие: acetylcholinesterase

42) Авиационная медицина: accident cause elimination

43) Безопасность: Advanced Combination Encoders

44) Расширение файла: Access Control Encryption/Entry, Adverse Channel Enhancements (Microcom), Advanced Computing Environment (SCO)

45) МИД: Allied Command Europe NATO

46) Электротехника: automatic control engineering

47) Космический летательный аппарат: advanced capability explorer( сокр.) (исследовательский КА с усовершенствованными характеристиками)

48) Майкрософт: элемент управления доступом

49) Должность: Adobe Certified Expert, Amx Certified Expert, Associate Career Enhancement, Available Consultants And Executives

50) Чат: A Cool Experience

51) НАСА: Apollo Checkout Equipment

52) Программное обеспечение: The Adobe Color Engine

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ace
12 as

as [əz, stressed æz]

alors que ⇒ 1 (a) comme ⇒ 1 (b), 2 puisque ⇒ 1 (c) que ⇒ 1 (e) en tant que ⇒ 2 contre ⇒ 4 quant à ⇒ 6 à partir de ⇒ 7, 11 comme si ⇒ 8, 13 déjà ⇒ 9 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 10 en plus, aussi ⇒ 15 (a) en plus de ⇒ 16 encore ⇒ 17

1 conjunction

(a) (while) alors que;

∎ the phone rang as I was coming in le téléphone s'est mis à sonner alors que ou au moment où j'entrais;

∎ I listened as she explained the plan to them je l'ai écoutée leur expliquer le projet;

∎ as a student, he worked part-time lorsqu'il était étudiant, il travaillait à mi-temps;

∎ as he advanced, I retreated (au fur et) à mesure qu'il avançait, je reculais;

∎ take two aspirins as needed prenez deux aspirines en cas de douleur

(b) (like) comme, ainsi que;

∎ A as in Abel A comme Anatole;

∎ as usual comme d'habitude;

∎ as shown by the unemployment rate comme ou ainsi que le montre le taux de chômage;

∎ as is often the case comme c'est souvent le cas;

∎ she is a doctor, as is her sister elle est médecin comme sa sœur;

∎ as I told you comme je vous l'ai dit;

∎ as you know, the inflation rate has gone up comme vous le savez, le taux d'inflation a augmenté;

∎ do as you see fit faites comme bon vous semble;

∎ leave it as it is laissez-le tel qu'il est ou tel quel;

∎ to buy sth as is acheter qch en l'état;

∎ Military as you were! repos!;

∎ humorous my mistake! as you were! c'est moi qui me trompe! faites comme si je n'avais rien dit!

(c) (since) puisque;

∎ let her drive, as it's her car laissez-la conduire, puisque c'est sa voiture;

∎ as you're the one in charge, you'd better be there étant donné que c'est vous le responsable, il faut que vous soyez là

(d) formal (concessive use)

∎ old as I am, I can still keep up with them malgré mon âge, j'arrive à les suivre;

∎ try as they might, they couldn't persuade her malgré tous leurs efforts, ils n'ont pu la convaincre;

∎ powerful as the president is, he cannot stop his country's disintegration quelque pouvoir qu'ait le président, il ne peut empêcher la ruine de son pays

(e) (with 'the same', 'such')

∎ I had the same problems as you did j'ai eu les mêmes problèmes que toi;

∎ at the same time as last week à la même heure que la semaine dernière;

∎ such a problem as only an expert can solve un problème que seul un expert peut résoudre

2 preposition

en tant que, comme;

∎ as her husband, he cannot testify étant son mari, il ne peut pas témoigner;

∎ he was dressed as a clown il était habillé en clown;

∎ I advised him as his friend, not as his teacher je l'ai conseillé en tant qu'ami, pas en tant que professeur;

∎ with Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara avec Vivien Leigh dans le rôle de Scarlett O'Hara

3 adverb

∎ (in comparisons) it's twice as big c'est deux fois plus grand;

∎ it costs half as much again ça coûte la moitié plus;

∎ as... as aussi... que;

∎ he's as intelligent as his brother il est aussi intelligent que son frère;

∎ he isn't as talented as you (are) il n'est pas aussi doué que vous;

∎ as often as possible aussi souvent que possible;

∎ not as often as I would like pas aussi souvent que je voudrais;

∎ they aren't as innocent as they look ils ne sont pas aussi innocents qu'ils en ont l'air;

∎ I worked as much for you as for me j'ai travaillé autant pour toi que pour moi

4 as against preposition

contre;

∎ he received 39 votes as against the 17 for his rival il a obtenu 39 votes contre 17 pour son adversaire

5 as and when

1 conjunction

∎ we'll buy new equipment as and when it's required nous achèterons du nouveau matériel en temps voulu ou quand ce sera nécessaire

2 adverb

familiar en temps voulu^□ ;

∎ you'll be sent the money as and when on vous enverra l'argent en temps voulu

6 as for preposition

quant à;

∎ as for me, I don't intend to go pour ma part ou quant à moi, je n'ai pas l'intention d'y aller;

∎ as for your threats, they don't scare me in the least pour ce qui est de ou quant à vos menaces, elles ne me font pas peur du tout

7 as from preposition

à partir de;

∎ as from yesterday depuis hier;

∎ as from tomorrow à partir de demain;

∎ as from next week I'll be unemployed je serai au chômage à partir de la semaine prochaine

8 as if conjunction

comme si;

∎ he looks as if he's drunk on dirait qu'il est soûl;

∎ he carried on as if nothing had happened il a continué comme si de rien n'était ou comme s'il ne s'était rien passé;

∎ as if aware of my look, she turned comme si elle avait senti mon regard, elle s'est retournée;

∎ as if by chance comme par hasard;

∎ he moved as if to strike him il a fait un mouvement comme pour le frapper;

∎ it's not as if she were my sister ce n'est quand même pas comme si c'était ma sœur;

∎ as if it mattered! comme si ça avait aucune importance!;

∎ as if I would allow it! comme si j'allais le permettre!;

∎ humorous as if! tu parles!;

∎ he said he would do it - as if! il a dit qu'il le ferait - mon œil!

9 as it is adverb

(a) (in present circumstances) les choses étant ce qu'elles sont;

∎ she's hoping for promotion, but as it is there's little chance of that elle espère obtenir une promotion, mais dans la situation actuelle ou les choses étant ce qu'elles sont, il est peu probable que cela arrive

(b) (already) déjà;

∎ you've got enough work as it is vous avez déjà assez de travail, vous avez assez de travail comme ça;

∎ as it is I'm an hour late j'ai déjà une heure de retard

10 as it were adverb

pour ainsi dire

11 as of preposition

à partir de;

∎ as of yesterday depuis hier;

∎ as of tomorrow à partir de demain;

∎ as of next week I'll be unemployed je serai au chômage à partir de la semaine prochaine

12 as such adverb

(a) (properly speaking) véritablement, à proprement parler;

∎ it's not a contract as such, more a gentleman's agreement ce n'est pas un véritable contrat ou pas un contrat à proprement parler ou pas véritablement un contrat, mais plutôt un accord entre hommes de parole

(b) (in itself) même, en soi;

∎ the place as such isn't great l'endroit même ou en soi n'est pas terrible

(c) (in that capacity) à ce titre, en tant que tel;

∎ I'm his father and as such, I insist on knowing je suis son père et à ce titre j'insiste pour qu'on me mette au courant

13 as though conjunction

comme si;

∎ he looks as though he's drunk on dirait qu'il est soûl;

∎ he carried on as though nothing had happened il a continué comme si de rien n'était ou comme s'il ne s'était rien passé;

∎ as though aware of my look, she turned comme si elle avait senti mon regard, elle s'est retournée;

∎ it's not as though she were my sister ce n'est quand même pas comme si c'était ma sœur

14 as to preposition

∎ (regarding) to question sb as to his/her motives interroger qn sur ses motifs;

∎ I'm still uncertain as to the nature of the problem j'hésite encore sur la nature du problème;

∎ as to that quant à cela, pour cela

15 as well adverb

(a) (in addition) en plus; (also) aussi;

∎ I'd like one as well j'en voudrais un aussi;

∎ he bought the house and the land as well il a acheté la maison et la propriété aussi;

∎ and then the car broke down as well! et par-dessus le marché la voiture est tombée en panne!

(b) (with modal verbs)

∎ you may as well tell me the truth autant me dire ou tu ferais aussi bien de me dire la vérité;

∎ now that we're here, we might as well stay puisque nous sommes là, autant rester;

∎ shall we go to the cinema? - we might as well et si on allait au cinéma? - pourquoi pas?;

∎ she was angry, as well she might be elle était furieuse, et ça n'est pas surprenant;

∎ he has a few doubts about the job, as well he might il a quelques doutes sur cet emploi, ce qui n'est guère surprenant;

∎ he apologized profusely - as well he should! il s'est confondu en excuses - j'espère bien!;

∎ perhaps I'd better leave - that might be as well peut-être vaudrait-il mieux que je m'en aille - je crois que ça vaut mieux;

∎ it would be as well not to break it ce serait mieux si on pouvait éviter de le casser;

∎ I decided not to write back - just as well really j'ai décidé de ne pas répondre - c'est mieux comme ça;

∎ it would be just as well if you were present il vaudrait mieux que vous soyez là;

∎ it's just as well he missed his flight c'est une bonne chose qu'il ait manqué l'avion

16 as well as conjunction

(in addition to) en plus de;

∎ so she's a liar as well as a thief alors comme ça, c'est une menteuse en plus d'être une voleuse;

∎ Jim looks after the children as well as helping around the house Jim s'occupe des enfants en plus de participer au ménage

17 as yet adverb

encore;

∎ I don't have the answer as yet je n'ai pas encore la réponse;

∎ an as yet undisclosed sum une somme qui n'a pas encore été révélée

✾ Play 'As you like it' Shakespeare 'Comme il vous plaira'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > as
13 legal

1) законна дія

2) законний, легальний; заснований на законі; заснований на загальному праві, який регулюється загальним правом; легітимний; правовий; правознавчий; правомірний; правосудний; судовий; узаконений; юридичний

•

legal and administrative machinery for family support — правові і адміністративні заходи підтримки сім'ї

legal capacity to conclude a contract — правоздатність укладати (комерційну) угоду

Legal Committee of the UN General Assembly — Юридичний комітет Генеральної Асамблеї ООН

legal documentation of a marriage — правове документальне оформлення шлюбу

legal gap in protection afforded — прогалина у правовому захисті, що надається

legal means of resolving a dispute — правові засоби вирішення спору

legal obligations under international law — юридичні зобов'язання за міжнародним правом

legal power to correct legal errors — надане законом право виправляти юридичні ( або судові) помилки

legal regulation of familial relationships — правове регулювання сімейних відносин

legal representative of the state — законний представник держави

legal test of criminal responsibility — правова перевірка кримінальної відповідальності

- legal ability
- legal abortion
- legal abuse
- legal access
- legal accountability
- legal acquisition
- legal act
- legal action
- legal activities
- legal activities activity
- legal acts
- legal address
- legal administration
- legal advertisement
- legal advice
- legal advice bureau
- legal advice center
- legal advice centre
- legal advice office
- legal adviser
- legal advisor
- legal age
- legal agency
- legal agent
- legal aid
- legal aid agency
- legal aid bureau
- legal aid office
- legal aid order
- legal alien
- legal analogy
- legal analysis
- legal approach
- legal area
- legal argument
- legal arrest
- legal aspect
- legal assets
- legal assignment
- legal assistance
- legal assistant
- legal assumption
- legal author
- legal autonomy
- legal awareness
- legal bar
- legal barrier
- legal basis
- legal bill
- legal body
- legal bond
- legal boundary
- legal burden
- legal business
- legal cadres
- legal calendar
- legal capacity
- legal capital
- legal career
- legal case
- legal category
- legal cause
- legal certainty
- legal challenge
- legal changes
- legal charge
- legal check
- legal cheque
- legal circumstance
- legal citation
- legal claim
- legal closing time
- legal code
- legal coercion
- legal committee
- legal competence
- legal complexity
- legal concept
- legal condition
- legal confinement
- legal conflict
- legal conscience
- legal consequence
- legal consequences
- legal consideration
- legal construction
- legal consultation
- legal context
- legal continuity
- legal control
- legal controversy
- legal conviction
- legal-correctional process
- legal costs
- legal councilor
- legal councillor
- legal counsel
- legal counseling
- legal counselor
- legal counsellor
- legal crackdown
- legal crime
- legal culture
- legal currency
- legal custody
- legal custom
- legal decision
- legal deduction
- legal defect
- legal defence
- legal defense
- legal deficiency
- legal definition
- legal delinquency
- legal delivery
- legal demand
- legal deontology
- legal department
- legal dependence
- legal deposit copy
- legal deposit library
- legal descent
- legal details
- legal detention
- legal device
- legal difference
- legal disability
- legal disadvantage
- legal discretion
- legal discrimination
- legal dispute
- legal doctrine
- legal document
- legal documentation
- legal drinking
- legal drinking age
- legal drinking limit
- legal drug
- legal duty
- legal duty
- legal eagle
- legal eavesdropping
- legal education
- legal effect
- legal effectiveness
- legal efficacy
- legal enforcement
- legal enforcement of law
- legal enforcement procedure
- legal entity under public law
- legal entity
- legal environment
- legal equality
- legal equality of the sexes
- legal error
- legal essence
- legal estate
- legal ethics
- legal evaluation
- legal evidence
- legal excuse
- legal execution
- legal executive
- legal exemption
- legal expenses
- legal expenses insurance
- legal experience
- legal expert
- legal expertise
- legal explanation
- legal exposition
- legal fact
- legal father
- legal fees
- legal fetishism
- legal fiction
- legal field
- legal fight
- legal force
- legal form
- legal formality
- legal formula
- legal formulation
- legal foundation
- legal foundations
- legal frame
- legal framework
- legal framing
- legal fraud
- legal function
- legal gambler
- legal gambling
- legal gap
- legal glossator
- legal government
- legal ground
- legal groundwork
- legal guarantee
- legal guarantees
- legal guardian
- legal guilt
- legal hearing
- legal historian
- legal history
- legal holder
- legal holiday
- legal home
- legal humanism
- legal hypothesis
- legal identity
- legal immigration
- legal immunity
- legal implementation
- legal implication
- legal implications
- legal impossibility
- legal incapacity
- legal incident
- legal income
- legal incompetence
- legal information
- legal injury
- legal innovation
- legal innovation
- legal innovations
- legal insanity
- legal institution
- legal instruction
- legal instrument
- legal intent
- legal interest
- legal interest rate
- legal interpretation
- legal investigation
- legal investigator
- legal irregularity
- legal issue
- legal journal
- legal judge
- legal judgement
- legal judgment
- legal jurisdiction
- legal justice
- legal justification
- legal killer
- legal killing
- legal knowledge
- legal language
- legal liability
- legal lien
- legal limit
- legal limitation
- legal literature
- legal loophole
- legal lynching
- legal malice
- legal malpractice
- legal manufacture
- legal marriage
- legal matter
- legal maxim
- legal means
- legal means of social control
- legal measure
- legal mechanism
- legal medicine
- legal methodology
- legal minimum age of marriage
- legal minimum wage rate
- legal minimum wage rates
- legal minor
- legal monopoly
- legal monument
- legal mortgage
- legal mother
- legal name
- legal nationality
- legal negligence
- legal nihilism
- legal nomenclature
- legal norm
- legal notice
- legal notification
- legal notion
- legal object
- legal objection
- legal objective
- legal obligation
- legal observation method
- legal observer
- legal obstruction
- legal office
- legal office
- legal officer
- legal official
- legal operation
- legal opinion
- legal order
- legal organization
- legal owner
- legal parlance
- legal papers
- legal participation
- legal perjury
- legal permissibility
- legal permission
- legal person
- legal personality
- legal phenomenon
- legal philosopher
- legal philosophy
- legal picketing
- legal platform
- legal play
- legal point
- legal point of view
- legal policy
- legal portion
- legal position
- legal positivism
- legal positivist
- legal possession
- legal power
- legal practice
- legal practitician
- legal practitioner
- legal precept
- legal predecessor
- legal prerequisite
- legal presumption
- legal presumption of death
- legal principle
- legal privilege
- legal problem
- legal procedure
- legal procedure publicity
- legal procedures
- legal proceeding
- legal proceedings
- legal process
- legal profession
- legal profession member
- legal professional
- legal professional privilege
- legal prohibition
- legal proposition
- legal propriety
- legal prosecution
- legal protectee
- legal protection
- legal protection of software
- legal provision
- legal psychiatry
- legal purism
- legal purist
- legal qualification
- legal question
- legal rationale
- legal realism
- legal reality
- legal reasoning
- legal recognition
- legal recourse
- legal redress
- legal reference
- legal reform
- legal reformer
- legal regime
- legal regulation
- legal rehabilitation
- legal rehabilitation
- legal relations
- legal relationship
- legal relationships
- legal relative
- legal relativism
- legal relevance
- legal relief
- legal remedy
- legal representation
- legal representative
- legal reputation
- legal requirement
- legal reservation
- legal reserve
- legal residence
- legal resolution
- legal restraint
- legal restriction
- legal right-enforcing
- legal right
- legal rights
- legal risk
- legal rule
- legal safeguard
- legal safety
- legal sanction
- legal scholar
- legal science
- legal scientist
- legal search
- legal secretary
- legal security
- legal self-help
- legal sense
- legal sentence
- legal sentencing
- legal separation
- legal service
- legal services
- legal significance
- legal source
- legal specialist
- legal speech
- legal sphere
- legal spokesman
- legal spouse
- legal staff
- legal standard
- legal state
- legal statement
- legal statistics
- legal status
- legal status of a person
- legal step
- legal storage period
- legal strike
- legal structure
- legal studies
- legal subbranch
- legal sub-branch
- legal subject
- legal subjectivity
- legal submission
- legal subrogation
- legal succession
- legal successor
- legal suit
- legal system
- legal tapping
- legal technicality
- legal technician
- legal technique
- legal techniques
- legal tender
- legal tender note
- legal term
- legal termination
- legal termination of marriage
- legal territory
- legal test
- legal text
- legal theorist
- legal theory
- legal thinker
- legal thinking
- legal thought
- legal title
- legal tool
- legal topic
- legal tradition
- legal training
- legal transaction
- legal treasury note
- legal treatise
- legal treatment
- legal trial
- legal ubiquity
- legal uncertainty
- legal unit
- legal usage
- legal vacuum
- legal validity
- legal venue
- legal view
- legal viewpoint
- legal violence
- legal volition
- legal voter
- legal waiver
- legal wife
- legal wiretap
- legal wiretapping
- legal wording
- legal work
- legal writer
- legal writing
- legal wrong
- legal year

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > legal
14 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
15 legal

ˈli:ɡəl прил.
1) правовой, юридический;
судебный legal advice ≈ совет юриста legal aid bureau ≈ юридическая консультация legal capacity ≈ правоспособность, дееспособность legal profession ≈ профессия юриста legal system ≈ законодательство Syn: lawful, juridical, juristic
2) законный;
узаконенный;
легальный drivers who have more that the legal limit of alcohol ≈ водители, у которых норма алкоголя превышает допустимую What I did was perfectly legal. ≈ То, что я делал, было абсолютно легально. Syn: lawful
3) рел. основанный на законе Моисея обыкн. pl (финансовое) ценные бумаги, которые по закону могут быть приобретены доверительными учреждениями юридический, правовой - * person юридическое лицо - * profession профессия юриста - * practitioner /gentleman/ юрист - * adviser /expert/ юрисконсульт;
юридический советник - * document правовой документ - * obligation правовое обязательство - * history история права - * ethics профессиональная этика юриста - * langauge юридический язык;
юридическая терминология - to take * advice обращаться за советом к юристу судебный - * action судебный иск - * costs судебные издержки - * decision решение суда - * procedure судопроизводство - to institute /to take/ * proceedings against smb. начать судебный процесс против кого-л. законный;
дозволенный законом;
легальный - of * force имеющий законную силу - * owner законный владелец - * claim законное право требования - * standing законное положение (религия) основанный на Моисеевом законе > * beagle, * eagle (американизм) (сленг) юрист-пройдоха legal вчт. допустимый ~ допустимый ~ законный ~ законный;
узаконенный;
легальный;
legal holiday неприсутственный день ~ легальный ~ основанный на общем праве ~ относящийся к области общего права, основанный на общем праве, регулируемый общим правом ~ правовой ~ судебный ~ юридический, правовой;
legal aid bureau юридическая консультация ~ юридический, законный, правовой, судебный ~ юридический ~ юридический, правовой;
legal aid bureau юридическая консультация ~ законный;
узаконенный;
легальный;
legal holiday неприсутственный день ~ profession профессия юриста;
legal advice совет юриста profession: legal ~ профессия юриста ~ system законодательство system: legal ~ законодательство legal ~ юр. правовая система legal ~ юр. система законов legal ~ юр. судебная система

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > legal
16 channel

1. сущ.
1) общ. канал, русло; пролив

2) марк. = distribution channel

See:

administered channel, backward channel, commercial channel 2), cost effective channel, distribution channel, distributive channel, expert channel, feedback channel, market channel, marketing channel, one level channel, one-level channel, retail channel, shopping channel, social channel, three level channel, three-level channel, trade channel, two level channel, two-level channel, zero level channel, zero-level channel, channel arrangement, channel capacity, channel captain, channel competition 1), channel conflict, channel decision, channel design, channel loyalty, channel member, channel of distribution, channel of sales 1), channel power, channel satisfaction

3) упр. канал связи ( средство передачи информации)

See:

, communication channel, service channel, channel line, COMBS:, communication

4) СМИ канал (телевизионный, радио)

TV channel — телеканал

See:

, commercial channel 1), public service channel, channel competition 2), channel of sales 2) COMBS:,
2. гл.
1) общ. проводить канал

2) общ. направлять в (определенное) русло

Financial institution is an organization that helps to channel funds through an economy. — Финансовый институт является организацией, которая помогает проводить средства через хозяйственную систему.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > channel
17 professionally

adverb profesionalmente, con profesionalidad

professionally

tr[prə'feʃənəlɪ]

adverb

1 (as paid occupation) profesionalmente; (in professional way) con profesionalidad, como un profesional, de manera profesional; (by professional person) por un,-a experto,-a, por un,-a profesional

prə'feʃṇəli
adverb

a) ( as livelihood) <sing/act> profesionalmente

b) ( by qualified person)

we had the job done professionally — hicimos or mandamos hacer el trabajo por un experto (or por un pintor, albañil etc)

c) ( in a professional way) con profesionalidad

you didn't behave very professionally — no actuaste como un profesional íntegro

[prǝ'feʃnǝlɪ]
ADV
1) (Sport, Mus) [play, sing] profesionalmente

he is known professionally as X — se le conoce profesionalmente como X

2) (=in a professional capacity) profesionalmente

I only knew her professionally — solo la traté profesionalmente

to be professionally qualified — tener el título profesional

3) (=expertly) con profesionalidad, profesionalmente

4) (=by an expert) [made, built] por un profesional or un experto

I advise you to have it done professionally — te aconsejo que lo dejes en manos de un profesional or experto

5) (=as befits a professional) con profesionalidad

she conducts her business very professionally — lleva sus negocios con mucha profesionalidad

* * *
[prə'feʃṇəli]
adverb

a) ( as livelihood) <sing/act> profesionalmente

b) ( by qualified person)

we had the job done professionally — hicimos or mandamos hacer el trabajo por un experto (or por un pintor, albañil etc)

c) ( in a professional way) con profesionalidad

you didn't behave very professionally — no actuaste como un profesional íntegro

English-spanish dictionary > professionally
18 international

міжнародний; інтернаціональний

international access to justice — доступ до міжнародного правосуддя

international administrative law — міжнародне адміністративне право

International Air Transport Association — Міжнародна асоціація повітряного транспорту

International Arbitration Tribunal — ( of the International Chamber of Commerce) Міжнародний арбітражний суд ( Міжнародної торгівельної палати)

International Association of Chiefs of Police — Міжнародна асоціація керівників поліції

International Association of Democratic Lawyers — Міжнародна асоціація юристів-демократів

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — Міжнародний банк реконструкції і розвитку (скор. МБРР)

International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes — Міжнародний центр з вирішення інвестиційних спорів

International Civil Aviation Organization — Міжнародна організація цивільної авіації (скор. ІКАО)

international commercial arbitration — міжнародний торгівельний арбітраж

international commercial dispute — міжнародний торгівельний спор

International Commission of Jurists — Міжнародна комісія юристів

international commitments of a country — міжнародні зобов'язання країни

international consultative commission — міжнародна консультативна комісія

international contractual practice — міжнародна договірна практика

international control of atomic energy — міжнародний контроль за атомною енергією

International Convention against Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries — Міжнародна конвенція про заборону вербування, використання, фінансування і підготовки найманців

International Convention Against Torture — Міжнародна конвенція про заборону тортур

International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea — Міжнародна конвенція з безпеки життя на морі

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships — Міжнародна конвенція з попередження забруднення плавальними засобами (1978 р.)

International Convention on the Conduct of Warfare — Міжнародна конвенція з ведення військових дій

International Convention on the Prohibition of the Manufacture and Testing of Chemical Weapons — Міжнародна конвенція про заборону виробництва і випробування хімічної зброї

International Council on Archives — Міжнародна рада архівів

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Міжнародний пакт про громадянські і політичні права

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights — Міжнародний пакт про економічні, соціальні і культурні права

International Criminal Police Organization — Міжнародна організація кримінальної поліції (скор. МОКП)

international criminal register — міжнародний кримінальний реєстр; міжнародний кримінальний реєстр злочинців і злочинів

International Criminal Tribunal — Міжнародний кримінальний трибунал (скор. МКТ)

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia — Міжнародний кримінальний суд по колишній Югославії

International Day against Drug Abuse and Traffickng — Міжнародний день проти вживання і торгівлі наркотиками ( 26 червня)

International Development Association — Асоціація з міжнародного розвитку

International Drug Control Program(me) — Міжнародна програма боротьби з наркотиками

international drug traffic routes — шляхи розповсюдження наркотиків у світі

international drug trafficking group — міжнародна група торговців наркотиками

international economic relations — міжнародні економічні відносини

International Exchange of Fingerprints — Міжнародна служба обміну відбитками пальців

International Financial Corporation — Міжнародна фінансова корпорація (скор. МФК)

international human rights body — міжнародний орган з прав людини

international investigation of the crimes of an aggressor — міжнародне розслідування злочинів агресора

international judicial assistance — міжнародна правова ( судова) допомога

International Labo(u)r Organization — Міжнародна організація праці (скор. МОП)

international law in vertical space — міжнародне повітряне право

International Maritime Organization — Міжнародна організація морського судноплавства (скор. МОМС)

international medical and humanitarian law — міжнародне медичне і гуманітарне право

International Military Tribunal — Міжнародний військовий трибунал (скор. МВТ)

international mobility of criminals — міжнародна мобільність злочинців

International Narcotics Control Board — Міжнародне управління з контролю над наркотиками

international navigational route — міжнародний навігаційний шлях

International Organization of Standardization — Міжнародна організація стандартизації (скор. МОС)

International Police Association — Міжнародна поліцейська асоціація (скор. МПА)

international preliminary examining authority — орган міжнародної попередньої експертизи

international regime of sea ports — міжнародний режим морських портів

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea — Міжнародні правила з попередження зіткнень на морі

International Sea-Bed Resource Agency — Міжнародне агентство з ресурсів морського дна

International Telecommunications Union — Світовий телекомунікаційний союз (скор. СТС)

International Tribunal for the Prosecution of War Crimes — Міжнародний трибунал з переслідування військових злочинів

international trusteeship system — міжнародна система опіки

International Union for the Conservation of Nature — Міжнародний союз із збереження природи

international watercourse basin — басейн міжнародного водотоку

- international act
- international adjudication
- international administration
- international affairs
- international air carriage
- international air law
- international air route
- international airport
- international application
- international arbitration
- international arena
- international arrest warrant
- international authority
- international aviation
- international bank
- international bids
- international body
- international bribery
- international carriage
- international certificate
- international check
- international cheque
- international civil aviation
- international civil servant
- international code of conduct
- international commission
- international committee
- international community
- international conference
- international conflict
- international conspiracy
- international contract
- international control
- international control organ
- international convention
- international conventional law
- international cooperation
- international copyright
- International Court of Justice
- international courtesy
- international crime
- international criminal law
- international criminal
- international custom
- international customary law
- international delinquency
- international design
- international dispute
- international divorce
- international drug trafficking
- international engagement
- international entity
- international espionage
- international expert
- international extradition
- international fluvial law
- international forum
- international gangster
- international gangsterism
- international isolation
- international judicial organ
- international jurisprudence
- international jurist
- international language
- international law
- International Law Association
- international law code
- International Law Commission
- international law enforcement
- international law of the sea
- international lawyer
- international legal
- international legal capacity
- international legal concept
- international legal issue
- international legal practice
- international legal relations
- international legislature
- international licensing
- international mafia
- international market
- international marriage
- international monetary base
- International Monetary Fund
- international monetary law
- international monetary system
- international navigation
- international norm
- international obligation
- international order
- international organ
- international organization
- international penal law
- international person
- international personality
- international prestige
- international public law
- international registration
- international reputation
- international responsibility
- international rules in force
- international salute
- international sanctions
- international scandal
- international scene
- international sea area
- international sea-bed area
- international security
- international standard
- international status
- international stream
- international tax law
- international team of experts
- international tensions
- international tension
- international terrorism
- international terrorist
- International Tracing Service
- international trade
- international trade in cocaine
- international traffic
- international traffic in arms
- international transaction
- international treaty law
- international tribunal
- international trusteeship
- international underworld
- international union
- international usage
- international waters
- International Women's Day

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > international
19 judicial

судовий; суддівський; законний; узаконений; правовий; неупереджений; розсудливий

judicial assistance in criminal matters — юридична допомога в кримінальних питаннях (в т. ч. однієї країни іншій)

judicial board for criminal cases — судова колегія у кримінальних справах

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council — судовий комітет Таємної ради ( у Великобританії)

judicial control of administrative authorities — судовий контроль за рішеннями ( діями) адміністративних органів

judicial creation of a new right — створення нового права рішенням суду

judicial department of government — = judicial department

judicial expression of the rule of law — правова норма в тлумаченні судової практики; правова норма, вироблена судовою практикою

judicial review of constitutionality — судовий нагляд за конституційністю

judicial review of lower court decisions — судовий нагляд за рішеннями нижчих судів

- judicial abuse
- judicial act
- judicial action
- judicial activism
- judicial activity
- judicial activism
- judicial administration
- judicial admission
- judicial agency
- judicial appeal
- judicial appointment
- judicial approval
- judicial archaism
- judicial ascertainment
- judicial assembly
- judicial assistance
- judicial assistant
- judicial authorities
- judicial authority
- judicial autonomy
- judicial award
- judicial ballistics
- judicial bench
- judicial blindness
- judicial board
- judicial board for civil cases
- judicial body
- judicial branch
- judicial branch of government
- judicial bribery
- judicial capacity
- judicial career
- judicial case
- judicial choice
- judicial circuit
- judicial circumstances
- judicial citation
- judicial clerk
- judicial code
- judicial cognizance
- judicial colleague
- judicial collegiality
- judicial combat
- judicial comity
- judicial committee
- Judicial Committee Rules
- judicial concept
- judicial confession
- judicial consequences
- judicial conservative
- judicial construction
- judicial contest
- judicial control
- judicial corruption
- judicial council
- judicial courage
- judicial court
- judicial creativity
- judicial custody
- judicial day
- judicial decision
- judicial decision-making
- judicial definition
- judicial department
- judicial dictum
- judicial discretion
- judicial district
- judicial document
- judicial duties
- judicial duty
- judicial education
- judicial effectiveness
- judicial endorsement
- judicial enforcement
- judicial enquiry
- judicial error
- judicial establishment
- judicial evidence
- judicial examination
- judicial excess
- judicial execution
- judicial expert
- judicial expression
- judicial factor
- judicial field
- judicial function
- judicial functionary
- judicial functions
- judicial government
- judicial hierarchy
- judicial immunity
- judicial incumbent
- judicial independence
- judicial inquiry
- judicial inquisition
- judicial instance
- judicial interference
- judicial interpretation
- judicial investigation
- judicial investigation inquest
- judicial investigator
- judicial jurisdiction
- judicial knowledge
- judicial law
- judicial lawmaking
- judicial legislation
- judicial letter
- judicial level
- judicial machinery
- judicial manpower
- judicial matter
- judicial measure
- judicial misconduct
- judicial murder
- judicial nomination
- judicial notice
- judicial oath
- judicial office
- judicial officer
- judicial officials
- judicial opinion
- judicial order
- judicial organ
- judicial organization
- judicial performance
- judicial policy
- judicial post
- judicial power
- judicial practice
- judicial precedent
- judicial precept
- judicial prevention
- judicial privilege
- judicial procedure
- judicial proceeding
- judicial proceedings
- judicial process
- judicial protection
- judicial psychology
- judicial punishment
- judicial question
- judicial questioning
- judicial re-examination
- judicial recommendation
- judicial record
- judicial records
- judicial recourse
- judicial reform
- judicial relief
- judicial remedy
- judicial resolution
- judicial responsibility
- judicial restraint
- judicial review
- judicial review of legislation
- judicial rulemaker
- judicial salary
- judicial sale
- judicial scrutiny
- judicial security
- judicial selection
- judicial selection system
- judicial self-restraint
- judicial separation
- judicial sequestration
- judicial service
- judicial session
- judicial settlement
- judicial sitting
- judicial statistics
- judicial subpoena
- judicial superior
- judicial supervision
- judicial supremacy
- judicial system
- judicial tenure
- judicial term
- judicial training
- judicial trial
- judicial tribunal
- judicial trustee
- judicial vacation
- judicial vacations
- judicial work
- judicial workload
- judicial workloads
- judicial writ

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > judicial
20 such *****

[sʌtʃ]
1. predet, det

1) (of this/that sort) tale, del genere

such a book — un tale libro, un libro del genere

such books — tali libri, libri del genere

such a thing — una cosa del genere

I wouldn't dream of doing such a thing — non mi sognerei di fare una cosa del genere

did you ever hear of such a thing? — hai mai sentito una cosa del genere?

it was such a waste of time — era una tale perdita di tempo

there's no such thing — non esiste

there's no such thing as a unicorn — gli unicorni non esistono

there's no such place in Italy — non c'è un posto del genere in Italia

such was his answer — questa è stata la sua risposta

such is life — così è la vita

I said no such thing — non ho detto niente del genere

in such cases — in casi del genere

we had such a case last year — si è avuto un caso del genere l'anno scorso

some such idea — un'idea del genere

it was such as to/that — era tale da/che

this is my car such as it is — questa è la mia macchina, se così si può chiamare

2) (so much, so great) tale, tanto (-a)

he's not such a fool as you think — non è così scemo come pensi

I had such a fright — ho preso un tale spavento

such courage — tanto coraggio

I was in such a hurry — avevo una tale fretta

I was in such a hurry that... — avevo così tanta fretta che...

such a lot of — talmente, così tanto (-a)

such a lot of work — così tanto lavoro

making such a noise that — facendo un rumore tale che

a noise such as to — un rumore tale da

3) (so very) talmente, così

such good food — cibo così buono

such good books — libri così buoni

such a clever girl — una ragazza così intelligente

it's such a long time since we saw each other — è da tanto tempo che non ci vediamo

such a long time ago — tanto tempo fa

I haven't had such good tea for ages — erano secoli che non bevevo un tè così buono

such a long trip — un viaggio così lungo

such nice people — gente così simpatica

4)

such as — (introducing examples) come

such a man as you; a man such as you — un uomo come te

such writers as Updike; writers such as Updike — scrittori come Updike

books such as these — libri come questi

hot countries such as India — paesi caldi, come l'India

such as? — per esempio?

have you got such a thing as a torch? — hai una pila per caso?

2. pron

1)

(this, that, those) such as wish to go — chi desidera andare

but such is not the case — ma non è questo caso

and such (like) — e così via

I haven't many, but I'll give you such as I have — non ho molti, ma ti darò tutti quelli che ho

2)

as such — (in that capacity) come tale, in quanto tale, (in itself) di per sé

and as such he was promoted — e come tale fu promosso

there's no garden as such — non c'è un vero e proprio giardino

he's not an expert as such, but... — non è un vero e proprio esperto, però...

doctors as such are... — i medici in quanto tali sono...

the work as such is poorly paid — il lavoro di per sé non è pagato bene

English-Italian dictionary > such *****

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

Expert — For other uses, see Expert (disambiguation). Cognoscenti redirects here. For the Marvel character, see Cognoscenti (comics). Sociology … Wikipedia
Honda CR85R Expert — The Honda CR85R expert was released as a racing 2 stroke. This bike was not meant to putts around on. The CR85R expert is the same thing as the regular CR85R but has larger wheels, longer swingarm; therefore, it has a higher ground clearance and… … Wikipedia
Vocational expert — A Vocational expert is an expert in the areas of vocational rehabilitation, vocational and earning capacity, lost earnings, cost of replacement labor and lost ability/time in performing household services. They perform evaluations for purposes of … Wikipedia
High Capacity Pumping Modules — Das Einsatzmodul High Capacity Pumping (HCP) ist eine im Rahmen des EU Gemeinschaftsverfahrens zur Abwehr von Hochwasserkatastrophen gebildete ehrenamtliche Einheit. Gestellt wird diese Einheit durch die Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk (THW) … Deutsch Wikipedia
IBM TotalStorage Expert — IBM TotalStorage Expert, formerly IBM Storwatch Expert, is a software product made up of two components: Enterprise Storage Server (ESS) Expert and Enterprise Tape Library (ETL) Expert. IBM TotalStorage Expert is used for preparing reports and… … Wikipedia
CR85R Expert — The Honda CR85R expert was released as a racing 2 stroke. This bike was not meant to putts around on. The CR85R expert is the same thing as the regular CR85R but has larger wheels, longer swingarm; therefore, it has a higher ground clearance and… … Wikipedia
History of wind band — The modern wind band, often referred to with distinction as a Wind Ensemble, is a result of the evolutionary process of the past three hundred and fifty years.Fennell, Frederick. Time and the Winds. G. LeBlanc Co.] The role of a wind instrument… … Wikipedia
Socrates and the beginnings of moral philosophy — Hugh H.Benson INTRODUCTION Cicero in Tusculan Disputations famously tells us that Socrates first called philosophy down from the sky, set it in cities and even introduced it into homes, and compelled it to consider life and morals, good and evil … History of philosophy
Economic Affairs — ▪ 2006 Introduction In 2005 rising U.S. deficits, tight monetary policies, and higher oil prices triggered by hurricane damage in the Gulf of Mexico were moderating influences on the world economy and on U.S. stock markets, but some other… … Universalium
Analytic Hierarchy Process — The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured technique for helping people deal with complex decisions. Rather than prescribing a correct decision, the AHP helps people to determine one. Based on mathematics and human psychology, it was… … Wikipedia
Information Technology Infrastructure Library — The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (I), is a set of good practices for IT service management (ITSM) that focuses on aligning IT services with the needs of business. In its current form (known as ITILv3 and ITIL 2011 edition), ITIL… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

in an expert capacity

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

in an expert capacity

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: